Pesticide Chemistry-3 (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Pesticide Chemistry 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
CHAPTER 1. THE DESIGN OF ANTICHOLINESTERASES 8
ABSTRACT 8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 22
REFERENCES 22
CHAPTER 2. PROBLEMS AND ASPECTS OF PRESENT-DAY RESIDUE ANALYSIS 24
ABSTRACT 24
ON THE SITUATION OF RESIDUE ANALYSIS 25
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TOLERANCES 28
CHOICE AND VALIDATION OF RESIDUE ANALYTICAL METHODS 32
SPECIAL PROBLEMS OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 36
QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS AND OLD PROBLEMS 37
IUPAC, SECTION ON PESTICIDES 39
CLOSING COMMENTS 40
CHEMICAL NAMES OF PESTICIDES MENTIONED IN TEXT 41
REFERENCES 41
CHAPTER 3. FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE PERSISTENCE OF PESTICIDES IN PLANTS AND SOILS 46
ABSTRACT 46
I. INTRODUCTION 46
II. CHEMICAL FACTORS 48
III. PLANT FACTORS 51
IV. SOIL FACTORS 55
V. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 58
VI. CONCLUSIONS 61
REFERENCES 61
CHAPTER 4. INSECT ANTIFEEDING SUBSTANCES IN PLANT LEAVES 64
ABSTRACT 64
I. INTRODUCTION 64
II. SCREENING METHOD 65
III. ANTIFEEDING SUBSTANCES IN PLANTS 66
IV. CONCLUSIONS 72
REFERENCES 73
CHAPTER 5. PROGRESS IN PESTICIDE TOXICOLOGY IN THE USSR 74
ABSTRACT 74
REFERENCES 83
CHAPTER 6. THE FUTURE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF PESTICIDES BY INDUSTRY 84
ABSTRACT 84
RELATED READING 94
CHAPTER 7. NATURAL LONG-TERM CHANGES IN GLOBAL CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT 96
ABSTRACT 96
CHAPTER 8. TRANSPORT MECHANISMS FOR PESTICIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERE 102
ABSTRACT 102
INTRODUCTION 102
THE ROLE OF RESIDENCE TIME FOR THE GLOBAL TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF A TRACE CONSTITUENT 104
THE FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE RESIDENCE TIME OF A TRACE CONSTITUENT 105
THE CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DDT AND OTHER CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR ATMOSPHERIC RESIDENCE TIME 107
THE DDT BUDGET OF THE ATMOSPHERE 109
THE MAIN TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN THE TROPOSPHERE 109
REFERENCES 111
CHAPTER 9. TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN WATER 112
ABSTRACT 112
INTRODUCTION 112
TRANSPORT MECHANISM IN LAMINAR FLOW 113
TRANSPORT MECHANISM IN TURBULENT FLOW 114
REFERENCES 118
CHAPTER 10. TRANSPORT MECHANISM IN SOIL. METABOLISM AND MOVEMENT OF INSECTICIDES FROM SOILS INTO WATER AND CROP PLANTS 120
ABSTRACT 120
INSECTICIDE PERSISTENCE 120
MOVEMENT AND METABOLISM UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS 121
EFFECTS OF PERCOLATING WATER ON TRANSPORT OF INSECTICIDES IN SOILS 122
TRANSLOCATION AND METABOLISM OF [14C]-PHORATE AS AFFECTED BY PERCOLATING WATER IN A MODEL SOILPLANT ECOSYSTEM 123
FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM OF INSECTICIDES FROM SOILS INTO PLANTS 124
REFERENCES 125
CHAPTER 11. CIRCULATION OF PESTICIDES IN THE BIOSPHERE 126
ABSTRACT 126
I. ATMOSPHERIC AIR 128
II. SOIL 129
III. WATER OF OPEN RESERVOIRS AND SUBSOIL WATERS 130
IV. FOODSTUFFS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL ORIGIN 131
IV. FOODSTUFFS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL ORIGIN 131
V. CUMULATION OF PESTICIDES IN THE ORGANISMS OF MAN AND ANIMALS 133
REFERENCES 134
CHAPTER 12. PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SOME BALTIC ANIMALS—A REVIEW OF SELECTED LITERATURE 136
ABSTRACT 136
1. CONCENTRATIONS OF ORGANOCHLORINES AND MERCURY IN ANIMALS OCCURRING MAINLY IN THE PELAGIC ZONE OF THE OPEN SEA 138
2. CONCENTRATION OF PESTICIDES IN SOME BENTHIC AND DEMERSAL SPECIES 140
3. COASTAL FRESHWATER FISH 141
4. BALTIC BIRDS 142
5. SEALS 143
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 143
REFERENCES 144
CHAPTER 13. MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN ECOCHEMISTRY 146
ABSTRACT 146
INTRODUCTION 146
MODELS 147
COMPARTMENTAL MODELS 148
COMPARTMENTAL MODEL FOR CARBON DIOXIDE 150
COMPARTMENTAL MODELS FOR SOME ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS 152
REMOVAL PROCESSES FOR QUASI-INERT CHEMICALS 157
ALTERNATIVE FORMULATIONS OF COMPARTMENTAL MODELS 159
STATUS OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF PESTICIDES 159
REFERENCES 159
CHAPTER 14. POLLUTION PROBLEMS OF THE SETO INLAND SEA 162
ABSTRACT 162
GENERAL FEATURES OF THE SETO INLAND SEA 162
RED TIDE 166
HEAVY METALS IN THE SEA DEPOSITS 167
PCB CONTAMINATION AND THE SETO INLAND SEA 169
OIL POLLUTION 172
COUNTERMEASURES FOR SETO INLAND SEA POLLUTION 172
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 173
REFERENCES 173
CHAPTER 15. ECOCHEMISTRY OF BHC IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA 174
ABSTRACT 174
PRINCIPLES OF THE ANALYTICAL METHODS 175
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 182
REFERENCES 182
CHAPTER 16. THE VALUE OF WORLDWIDE PESTICIDE RESIDUE MONITORING SYSTEMS 184
ABSTRACT 184
MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT 184
MAN AND HIS FOOD CONSUMPTION 185
MAN AND HIS FOOD PRODUCTION 188
PESTICIDES: A VITAL COMPONENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION 188
WHEN TO START—AND STOP—MONITORING 191
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF MONITORING PROGRAMMES 191
CONTAMINATION VERSUS POLLUTION 192
VALIDITY OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS 193
MONITORING DATA INTERPRETATION 193
RECOMMENDATIONS 194
SUMMARY 194
REFERENCES 195
CHAPTER 17. ORGANOCHLORINE COMPOUNDS IN THE GENERAL POPULATION OF THE SEVENTIES AND SOME OF THEIR BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS (IN MAN AND ANIMALS) 196
ABSTRACT 196
REFERENCES 212
CHAPTER 18. MUTAGENIC, CARCINOGENIC AND TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS IN RESPECT TO MAN 216
ABSTRACT 216
REFERENCES 228
CHAPTER 19. THE CONTENT OF POLYCHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN ARCTIC ECOSYSTEMS 230
ABSTRACT 230
INTRODUCTION 230
MATERIALS AND METHODS 230
RESULTS 233
DISCUSSION 236
REFERENCES 238
CHAPTER 20. THE TOXICANT–WILDLIFE COMPLEX 240
ABSTRACT 240
INTRODUCTION 240
TOXICANTS 242
EFFECTS 244
EXPOSURE 245
POSSIBLE GENERALITIES AND SIMPLIFICATION 248
CONCLUSIONS 255
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 257
REFERENCES 258
CHAPTER 21. THE USE OF BIOLOGICAL TESTS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF PESTICIDES 262
ABSTRACT 262
I. GENERAL METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES 262
II. TECHNIQUE OF TA REALIZATION 265
III. ECOLOGICAL TEST ANALYSIS (ETA) 282
SUMMARY 290
INDEX OF ABBREVIATIONS 290
REFERENCES 291
CHAPTER 22. USE OF BIOLOGICAL TESTS FOR EVALUATION OF PESTICIDES 292
ABSTRACT 292
INTRODUCTION 292
BIOASSAY WORK WITH TARGET AND NON-TARGET ORGANISMS 293
DISTRIBUTION AND FATE OF PESTICIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT 297
INTERPRETATION OF TOXICITY DATA 301
SUMMARY 305
REFERENCES 306