Epidermis (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Epidermis 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 14
Dedication 6
List of Contributors 8
Preface 12
CHAPTER I. Keratinization in Historical Perspective 22
I. INTRODUCTION 22
II. KERATOHYALIN GRANULES 23
III. THE ROLE OF LIPIDS IN KERATINIZATION 25
IV. DESQUAMATION 31
V. REFERENCES 33
CHAPTER II. The Determinism of the Differentiation of the Skin and the Cutaneous Appendages of the Chick Embryo 36
I. INTRODUCTION 36
II. BEHAVIOR OF THE SKIN IN VITRO 38
III. THE ROLE OF THE DERMIS AND OF THE EPIDERMIS IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE FEATHER GERMS AND OF THE SCALES 39
IV. ROLE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND OF THE AXIAL ORGANSIN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE FEATHER GERMS 45
V. CONCLUSIONS 50
VI. REFERENCES 54
CHAPTER IIIA. Feather Formation and Synthesis of Keratin by Primary Skin Cells and by Skin Cells Grown in Vitro 56
I. INTRODUCTION 56
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 57
III. RESULTS 58
IV. DISCUSSION 75
V. REFERENCES 77
CHAPTER IIIB. A Note on Feather Keratin 78
REFERENCES 81
CHAPTER IV. The Experimental Study of Keratinization in Organ Culture 82
I. INTRODUCTION 82
II. HISTOGENESIS OF NORMAL CHICKEN EPIDERMIS 84
III. SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN THE NORMAL DIFFERENTIATION OF CHICKEN EPIDERMIS 85
IV. MODIFICATION OF EPIDERMAL DIFFERENTIATION BYCONTACT WITH HETEROTYPIC MESENCHYME 87
V. EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL AGENTS ON KERATINIZATION 88
VI. DISCUSSION 99
VII. REFERENCES 100
CHAPTER V. Studies on Stability of PhenotypicTraits in Embryonic Integumental Tissues and Cells 104
I. INTRODUCTION 104
II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGGREGATES OF DISSOCIATED SKIN CELLS 105
III. CHIMAERIC SKIN IN COAGGREGATES OF EMBRYONIC MOUSE AND CHICK SKIN CELLS 109
IV. CHANGES IN DIFFERENTIATIVE BEHAVIOR OF SKIN CELLS MAINTAINED IN MONOLAYER CULTURES 111
V. KERATINIZATION OF THE CHORION OF CAM 114
VI. REMARKS 116
VII. REFERENCES 116
CHAPTER VI. Secretion of a Connective Tissue Protein by Developing Epidermis 118
I. INTRODUCTION 118
II. THE STRUCTURE OF THE BASEMENT LAMELLA AND ITS RELATION TO THE RETICULAR LAYER OF THE DERMIS 119
III. FORMATION OF THE BASEMENT LAMELLA IN REGENERATING SALAMANDER LIMBS 126
IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS 134
V. REFERENCES 135
CHAPTER VII. Aspects of Cell Individuality in the Renewal of Stratified Squamous Epithelia 138
I. INTRODUCTION 138
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 139
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 143
IV. SUMMARY 152
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 153
V. REFERENCES 153
CHAPTER VIII. Enzymes of the Epidermis 156
I. INTRODUCTION 156
II. OBSERVATIONS 156
III. CONCLUSIONS 163
IV. REFERENCES 163
CHAPTER IX. Quantitative Histochemistry of Skin 166
I. INTRODUCTION 166
II. METHODS 166
III. ENZYME ACTIVITY OF HUMAN EPIDERMIS 172
IV. ENZYME ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS STRATA AND SKIN APPENDAGES 173
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 180
VI. REFERENCES 180
CHAPTER X. Protein Synthesis and Epidermal Differentiation 182
I. INTRODUCTION 182
II. DIFFERENTIATION IN MULTICELLULAR SYSTEMS 182
III. THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE DEVELOPING EPIDERMIS 183
IV. THE CONTROL OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 188
V. CONTROL SYSTEMS IN COMPLEX CELLS 190
VI. MEMBRANES AND MORPHOGENESIS 194
VII. ADAPTIVE RESPONSES OF EPIDERMAL CELLS 196
VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS 197
IX. REFERENCES 198
CHAPTER XI. Structural and Biochemical Features of the Hair Follicle 200
I. INTRODUCTION 200
II. FINE STRUCTURE OF FULLY HARDENED KERATINS 201
III. DEVELOPMENT OF KERATIN IN THE HAIR FOLLICLE 206
IV. CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURE OF THE MEDULLA AND THE INNER ROOT SHEATH 221
V. CELL MEMBRANES IN THE FOLLICLE 246
VI. THE OUTER ROOT SHEATH AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES 248
VII. GENERAL REMARKS 253
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 253
VIII. REFERENCES 253
CHAPTER XII. Totiofilaments and Keratohyalin 258
I. INTRODUCTION 258
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS 260
III. OBSERVATIONS 260
IV. SUMMARY 270
V. REFERENCES 270
CHAPTER XIII. Different Staining Methods for the Electron-Microscopic Elucidation of the Tonofibrillar Differentiation in Normal Epidermis 272
I. INTRODUCTION 272
II. MATERIAL AND METHODS 273
III. RESULTS 273
IV. DISCUSSION 287
V. SUMMARY 292
VI. REFERENCES 293
CHAPTER XIV. A Possible Role of the Desmosome in the Process of Keratinization 296
I. INTRODUCTION 296
II. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE DESMOSOME AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF THE EPIDERMIS DURING NORMAL KERATINIZATION 297
III. THE LOSS OF DESMOSOMES IN ACANTHOLYTIC DISEASES AND THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ACANTHOLYSIS AND DYSKERATOSIS 299
IV. THE ETIOLOGY OF ACANTHOLYSIS AND DYSKERATOSIS 314
VI. NOMENCLATURE 321
VII. REFERENCES 321
CHAPTER XV. Ultrastructural Evidence Related to the Mechanism of Keratin Synthesis 324
I. INTRODUCTION 324
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 325
III. OBSERVATIONS 325
IV. DISCUSSION 350
V. SUMMARY 355
VI. KEY TO SYMBOL USED IN THE ILLUSTRATIONS 355
VII. REFERENCES 356
CHAPTER XVI. A Theory for the Structure of a-Keratin 360
I. INTRODUCTION 360
II. A MODEL DERIVED FROM STEREOCHEMICAL DATA 361
III. ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MICROFIBRIL 368
IV. CONCLUSIONS 369
V. REFERENCES 370
CHAPTER XVII. Biosynthesis of Epidermal Proteins 372
I. OBSERVATIONS 372
II. SUMMARY 384
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 385
III. REFERENCES 385
CHAPTER XVIII. Alkali-Soluble Human Epidermal Proteins 386
I. INTRODUCTION 386
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 387
III. RESULTS 388
IV. DISCUSSION 393
V. SUMMARY 394
VI. REFERENCES 395
CHAPTER XIX. Dermatoglyphics: A Brief Review 396
I. INTRODUCTION 396
II. SURFACE ANATOMY 397
III. EMBRYOLOGY 399
IV. INHERITANCE 401
V. RACE 403
VI. CONSTITUTION 403
VII. CLOSING REMARK 406
VIII. REFERENCES 406
CHAPTER XX. The Biology of the Stratum Corneum 408
I. INTRODUCTION 408
II. ANATOMICAL MISCONCEPTIONS 409
III. PHYLOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS 409
IV. ISOLATION AND PREPARATION OF THE STRATUM CORNEUM 413
V. EPIDERMAL BIOLOGY 416
VI. STRATIGRAPHY OF THE HORNY LAYER 418
VII. DESQUAMATION OF THE HORNY LAYER 421
VIII. DAILY PRODUCTION OF HORNY MATERIAL 422
IX. MICROANATOMY OF HORNY CELLS 423
X. HORNY LAYER MEASUREMENTS 428
XI. THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HORNY CELL 433
XII. STRIPPING OF STRATUM CORNEUM 437
XIII. THE COHESION OF EPIDERMAL CELLS 439
XIV. WATER LOSS 442
XV. LOCALIZATION OF THE RATE-LIMITING MEMBRANE 446
XVI. REFERENCES 451
CHAPTER XXI. 
456 
I. INTRODUCTION 456
II. ABSORPTION PATHWAYS 459
III. FACTORS AFFECTING PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION 461
IV. FACTORS PROMOTING PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION 463
V. REFERENCES 469
CHAPTER XXII. Some Aspects of the Carbohydrate Metabolism Enzymes in the Human Epidermis under Normal and Pathological Conditions 474
I. INTRODUCTION 474
II. OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSION 475
III. REFERENCES 486
CHAPTER XXIII. Relation of the Nucleic Acids to Protein Synthesis in the Mammalian Epidermis 492
I. INTRODUCTION 492
II. BIOSYNTHETIC LOCUS OF DNA IN THE EPIDERMIS 493
III. BIOSYNTHETIC LOCUS OF RNA IN THE EPIDERMIS 496
IV. LOCATION OF RNASE AND DNASE IN THE EPIDERMIS 498
V. THE LOCUS OF AMINO ACID INCORPORATION INTO PROTEIN IN THE EPIDERMIS 499
VI. SUMMARY 503
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 503
VII. REFERENCES 503
CHAPTER XXIV. Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Skin 506
I. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN THE SKIN 506
II. REFERENCES 513
CHAPTER XXV. Sterol Metabolism in Skin and Epidermis 514
I. INTRODUCTION 514
II. STEROID BIOGENESIS IN SKIN 515
III. OTHER STEROIDS FOUND IN SKIN AND SURFACE FILMS 520
IV. SITES OF STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN SKIN 522
V. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE STEROID COMPOSITION OF SKIN AND SURFACE FILMS 525
VI. REFERENCES 527
CHAPTER XXVI. Lipids, Membranes, and the Human Epidermis 532
I. INTRODUCTION 532
II. THE LIPIDS 533
III. LIPIDS AND MEMBRANES 536
IV. LIPIDS, MEMBRANES, AND THE HUMAN EPIDERMIS 546
V. SUMMARY 555
VI. REFERENCES 556
CHAPTER XXVII. Chemical Anomalies in Pathological Horny Layers 560
I. INTRODUCTION 560
II. INDUCED DERMATOSES 561
III. NATURALLY OCCURRING SCALING DERMATOSES 561
IV. BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS 561
V. SUMMARY 570
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 570
VI. REFERENCES 570
CHAPTER XXVIII. Cytoplasmic Components in the Psoriatic Horny Layers with Special Reference to Electron-Microscopic Findings 572
I. INTRODUCTION 572
II. FIBRILS 574
III. NONFIBRILLAR COMPONENTS 581
IV. SUMMARY 588
V. REFERENCES 589
CHAPTER XXIX. Definition of Epidermal Cancer 594
I. INTRODUCTION 594
II. NORMAL EPIDERMAL CELL 595
III. BENIGN HYPERPLASIA: PSORIASIS 598
IV. BASAL CELL CANCER 599
V. SQUAMOUS CELL CANCER 602
VI. OTHER EPITHELIAL TUMORS 605
VII. SUMMARY 605
VII. REFERENCES 606
CHAPTER XXX. The Papilloma of Rabbits Induced by the Virus of Shope: Histologie Features Related to Amount of Virus in the Tumor 608
I. INTRODUCTION 608
II. THE SHOPE PAPILLOMA 609
III. SUMMARY 620
IV. REFERENCES 620
CHAPTER XXXI. Vesication and Acantholysis 622
I. INTRODUCTION 622
II. ACANTHOLYSIS 624
III. THE USES OF CANTHARIDIN 627
V. REFERENCES 631
CHAPTER XXXII. Some Observations on Epidermolysis Bullosa and Experimental Blisters 634
I. INTRODUCTION 634
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 634
III. RESULTS 635
IV. DISCUSSION 644
V. SUMMARY 647
VI. REFERENCES 647
AUTHOR INDEX 649
Subject Index 662