Radiation Dosimetry (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Radiation Dosimetry 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
List of Contributors 6
Preface 8
PART 1: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF DOSIMETRY 16
Chapter 1. Radiation Units and Theory of Ionization Dosimetry 16
I. Introduction 16
II. Units of Dose 22
III. Quantities Derivable from the Roentgen 27
IV. Determination of Dose in Roentgens 33
V. The Bragg-Gray Theory of the Small Ionization Chamber 38
VI. Ionization Dosimetry of High-Energy Photons and Corpuscular Radiations 54
References 59
Chapter 2. Interaction of Radiation with Matter 64
I. Electromagnetic Radiation 103 to 108 Electron Volts 65
II. Electrons 110
III. Neutrons 123
IV. Heavy Charged Particles 129
References 136
Chapter 3. Biological and Medical Effects of Radiation 140
I. Mechanism of Radiation Effects on Living Cells 141
II. Effects of Radiation in General 143
III. Biological Effect of Radiation on Normal Tissues 146
IV. Radiation Effects on Malignant Tissues 156
V. Levels of Radiation 159
References 164
PART 2: RADIATION DETECTORS AND THEIR CALIBRATION 168
Chapter 4. Ionization Chambers 168
I. Introduction 168
II. The Design of Ionization Chambers 169
III. Special Types of Ionization Chambers 213
References 225
Chapter 5. Geiger-Mueller Counters and Proportional Counters 228
I. Introduction 229
II. Physics of Counters 229
III. The Use of Counters for the Dosimetry of Radioactive Isotopes 249
IV. The Use of Counters for the Measurement of Radiation Fields 253
References 257
Chapter 6. Scintillation Detectors 260
I. Physics of Scintillation Detectors 261
II. Scintillating Materials and Their Light Yield 265
III. Scintillation Detector Dosimetry of X- and .-Rays 274
IV. Scintillation Detector Dosimetry of Charged Particles 296
V. Scintillation Detector Dosimetry of Neutrons 304
References 312
Chapter 7. Photographic Film Dosimetry 314
I. Physics of Film Dosimetry 315
II. Calibration and Standardization Techniques 354
III. Instrumentation 361
IV. Applications 367
References 368
Chapter 8. Chemical and Colorimetric Indicators 372
I. Introduction 373
II. Physics of Chemical Dosimeter Systems 376
III. Dosimetry with Liquid Chemical Systems 383
IV. Applications of Chemical Dosimeters 401
V. Synopsis of Chemical Methods for Dosimetry of X-, .-, and Fast Neutron Radiation 
420 
References 423
Chapter 9. Calorimetric Methods 426
I. Introduction 426
II. Principles of Calorimetry 428
III. Heat Detection 438
IV. Calorimetric Determinations of Quantity of Radiation 451
V. Absorbed Dose Measurements 460
VI. Source Strength Calibration 464
VII. Local Absorbed Dose Calorimeter 466
References 467
Chapter 10. Survey Instruments and Pocket Dosimeters 468
I. Introduction 469
II. Gamma-Ray Instruments and Dosimeters 474
III. Beta-Ray Instruments and Dosimeters 486
IV. Alpha-Ray Instruments and Dosimeters 488
V. Neutron Instruments and Dosimeters 490
VI. Film Badges 497
VII. Air Monitoring 505
VIII. Calibration Techniques 510
IX. Civil Defense Instruments 513
X. Future Trends 515
References 516
Chapter 11. Standardization of X-Ray Beams and Radioactive Isotopes 520
I. Standardization of X-Ray Beams and Radium 521
II. Standardization of Radioactive Isotopes 524
References 543
PART 3: RADIATION FIELDS AND THEIR DOSIMETRY 546
Chapter 12. X-Rays and Teleisotope .-Rays 546
I. Production of Radiation 547
II. Surface Backscatter 561
III. Percentage Depth Dose 566
IV. Isodose Distributions of Radiation 577
V. Rotation Therapy 580
VI. Clinical Radiation Distributions 584
VII. Integral Dose and Energy Absorption 592
VIII. Spectral Distribution of Radiation 601
References 609
Chapter 13. High-Energy Electron Beams 612
I. Sources of High-Energy Electrons 612
II. Intensity Measurements 618
III. Dose Measurements 622
IV. Electron Beam Applications 633
References 634
Chapter 14. Heavy Charged-Particle Beams 638
I. Introduction 639
II. Physical Properties of Heavy Charged Particles 639
III. Dose Measurement 656
IV. Applications 675
References 677
Chapter 15. Neutrons and Mixed Radiations 682
I. Introduction 682
II. Theoretical Neutron Dosimetry 688
III. Methods of Experimental Neutron Dosimetry 692
IV. Dose Measurements in Mixed Radiation Fields Containing Neutrons of Various Energies 700
V. Neutron Capture Therapy 704
References 705
Chapter 16. Discrete Radioisotope Sources 708
I. Beta-Radiation 709
II. Gamma-Radiation 769
References 809
Chapter 17. Internally Administered Radioisotopes 816
I. Physical and Biological Factors Controlling Concentration of Administered Isotopes in Tissue 818
II. Beta-Particle Dosimetry 838
III. Gamma-Ray Dosimetry 865
IV. Examples of Tissue Dose Calculations 877
References 886
Chapter 18. Isotope Shipment and Disposal 890
I. Shipment of Radioactive Isotopes 891
II. Disposal of Radioactive Wastes 893
References 907
Appendix: Tables of Data Useful for Dose Calculations 912
Author Index 924
Subject Index 940