Blood Cells and Plasma Proteins (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Blood Cells and Plasma Proteins: Their State in Nature 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 16
Contributors 6
Preface 10
Introductory Remarks 14
SECTION I: THE FORMED AND THE FLUID PARTS OF HUMAN BLOODS 24
CHAPTER 1. AN HISTORICAL PROLOGUE ON THE DISCOVERY OF THE FORMED AND FLUID PARTS OF HUMAN BLOOD 26
Discovery in the Seventeenth Century of the Capillaries, of Erythrocytes, and of Bodily Interactions with the Atmosphere (1656–1667) 26
Discovery in the Eighteenth Century of the Elementary Composition of the Atmosphere (1756–1774) 32
Discovery in the Early Nineteenth Century of the Elementary Composition of Living Matter (1806–1842) 35
References 40
CHAPTER 2. A CHEMICAL PROLOGUE ON THE CHARACTERIZATION AND SEPARATION OF PROTEINS BY VIRTUE OF THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH NEUTRAL SALTS 41
Precipitations of Proteins from Concentrated Salt Solutions (1860–1930) 41
Precipitation of Proteins and Amino Acids with Neutral Salts 43
Precipitation of Proteins from Ethanol-Water Mixtures at Low Temperatures ( 1940–1950) 44
References 50
CHAPTER 3. INTERACTIONS OF PROTEINS WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH HEAVY METALS 52
Interactions of Proteins with Other Proteins 52
Interactions of Proteins with Strong Electrolytes 55
Interactions of Proteins with Zinc 56
Interactions of Proteins with Zinc and Mercury 62
References 64
CHAPTER 4. INTERACTIONS OF PROTEINS WITH ALKALINE EARTHS, WITH STEROIDS, WITH BLOOD CELLS, AND WITH SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES 66
Interactions of Plasma Proteins with Calcium and Barium Ions 66
Interactions of Plasma Proteins with Magnesium and Manganese 70
Interactions of Plasma Proteins with Copper and Iron 71
Interactions of Plasma Proteins with Lead Ions 72
Interactions of Plasma Proteins with the Leucocytes of the Blood 73
Interactions of Plasma Proteins with the Erythrocytes of the Blood 75
Interactions of Plasma Proteins with Carbohydrates 77
Interactions of Observation and Experimentation 78
References 80
SECTION II: THE FACTORS CONCERNED WITH BLOOD COAGULATION 82
CHAPTER 1. THE COMPONENTS OF HUMAN PLASMA CONCERNED WITH COAGULATION 84
The State of Calcium 86
The Nature of Prothrombin 89
The State of the Accelerator Substances 93
The State of Other Components 94
References 96
CHAPTER 2. SOME BIOCHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE COAGULATION MECHANISM 98
Evolution of the Clotting Mechanism 98
Modern Concepts of Clotting 99
References 115
CHAPTER 3. SOME EXPERIENCES WITH BLOOD-CLOTTING MECHANISMS 116
Surface Factors 116
Clotting Mechanisms as Studied in Isolated Systems of Purified Reagents 118
References 144
CHAPTER 4. FIBRINOGEN AND THROMBIN: THEIR INTERACTION IN FORMATION OF THE FIBRIN CLOT 146
Fibrinogen 146
Thrombin 150
Formation of the Fibrin Clot 153
References 166
CHAPTER 5. THE PLATELETS OF HUMAN BLOOD: THEIR MORPHOLOGY, INTERACTIONS, AND PRESERVATION 168
General Consideration 168
Structure and Physical Properties 169
Interactions 174
Preservation 176
References 180
SECTION III: THE COMPONENTS OF HUMAN BLOOD CONCERNED WITH IMMUNITY 182
CHAPTER 1. THE NATURE OF IMMUNE PROCESSES 184
Introduction 184
Responses to Infection 184
Plasma Proteins Concerned with Immunity 191
References 197
CHAPTER 2. ANTIBODIES IN HUMAN GAMMA GLOBULIN 199
Brief Review of Earlier Work 199
Evidence for Chemical Similarity or Identity of Natural Antibody and Immune Antibody in Man 200
Relation of Chemical Nature of Antigen to Chemical Nature of Antibody 201
Significance of Variations in Antibody Content of Gamma Globulin Fractions in Bloods Collected from Various Geographical Areas 202
Possible Use of Gamma Globulin in the Prophylaxis of Poliomyelitis 203
References 204
CHAPTER 3. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GAMMA GLOBULINS 205
References 211
CHAPTER 4. CELLULAR SOURCES OF ANTIBODIES 212
The Reticuloendothelial Theory 212
The Lymphoid Cellular Theory 214
The Plasma Cellular Theory 215
References 218
SECTION IV: ERYTHROCYTES 220
CHAPTER 1. THE ORIGIN, PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN RED CELL 222
General Properties of Whole Blood and Erythrocytes 222
Origin and Survival in Vivo 223
Specific Characteristics of Red Cells 226
Erythrocyte Function: The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 229
The Behavior of the Erythrocyte outside the Body 231
Measurement of Viability 232
Preservation of Red Cells: The Effect of Citrate, Dextrose, and pH 233
References 235
CHAPTER 2. THE PRESERVATION OF RED CELLS 236
General Considerations of Optimal Conditions of Preservation 237
Reference 239
CHAPTER 3. THE INFLUENCE OF CERTAIN CATIONS ON THE STORAGE OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES 240
Addendum: May 1952 245
References 247
CHAPTER 4. THE ENZYMOLOGY OF THE ERYTHROCYTE 248
Respiratory Activity of the Mammalian Erythrocyte 249
Hexosemonophosphate Shunt 254
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 255
Glycolysis 256
Glycolytic Behavior of Preserved Erythrocytes at 5°C 258
Glycolytic Behavior of Preserved Erythrocytes When Returned to 37°C 264
Behavior of Inorganic Ions in Relation to Glycolysis 266
General Comments 272
References 275
SECTION V: LEUCOCYTES 280
CHAPTER 1. THE ORIGIN, PROPERTIES, FUNCTION, AND PRESERVATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS 282
The Development of Knowledge about Leucocytes 282
Origin and Life Cycle 283
Factors Controlling Production and Release 286
Cellular Properties 290
The Role of Leucocytes in Defense 295
Leucotoxin and Type Specificity 298
The Separation and Preservation of Leucoyctes 301
Conclusion 304
References 304
CHAPTER 2. A DISCUSSION OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE CELLULAR AND HUMORAL DEFENSE MECHANISM 306
The Origin and Maturation of the Formed Elements 306
Functional Efficiency of Granulocytes 310
The Reticuloendothelial System in Cellular and Humoral Defense 311
References 315
CHAPTER 3. THE HISTAMINE CONTENT OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS 317
Estimation of Histamine in Blood 317
Histamine Content of Whole Blood 321
The Partition of Histamine in Blood 321
References 329
CHAPTER 4. THE CYTOCHROMES OF RESPIRING CELLS 331
Experimental Technique 332
Experimental Results 332
Summary 337
References 337
SECTION VI: THE ENZYMES OF PLASMA 338
CHAPTER 1. THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYMES OF NORMAL HUMAN PLASMA 340
Introduction 340
The Proteolytic Enzymes 341
Esterases 347
General Properties 355
References 356
CHAPTER 2. PLASMA ENZYMES: A DISCUSSION OF PRECEDING CHAPTER 358
Sources of Plasma Enzymes 358
Measurement of Plasma Enzyme Activity 358
Proteolytic Enzymes of Plasma 358
A Comment on the Nature of "Hydrolases" 359
SECTION VII: THE LIPOPROTEINS OF BLOOD AND OTHER TISSUES 360
CHAPTER 1. THE LIPOPROTEINS OF HUMAN PLASMA 362
Isolation of Purified Plasma Lipoproteins 362
The a- and ß-Lipoproteins of Human Plasma 365
Ultracentrifugai Studies of Lipoproteins 370
Stability of ß-Lipoprotein 374
Immunochemical Studies of ß-Lipoprotein 375
Lipoprotein and Lipid Metabolism 376
Structure of Lipoproteins 379
References 381
CHAPTER 2. LIPOPROTEINS OF HORSE PLASMA AND SERUM 383
The Nature of Bonds between Lipids and Proteins 383
Effect of Hydrosoluble Substances Containing Nonpolar Groups on Lipid-Protein Bonds 386
Action of Hydrosoluble Substances Containing Polar Groups 397
The Aqueous Layer Around Lipoproteins 401
References 402
CHAPTER 3. LINKAGES BETWEEN PROTEINS AND LIPIDS 403
Water-Soluble Liponucleoproteins 403
The Proteolipids 403
Other Types of Lipid-Protein Linkage 404
References 406
CHAPTER 4. PROTEIN-LIPID RELATIONSHIPS IN PLASMA 407
Lipid Composition of Fractions IV + V + VI and I + III 408
Factors Which Influence the Distribution of Cholesterol 412
Summary 415
References 416
CHAPTER 5. THE PLASMA GLYCOPROTEINS AND LIPOPROTEINS 417
Inflammatory Diseases 417
Diseases with Disturbed Lipid Metabolism 418
Discussion 425
References 428
Author Index 430
Subject Index 445