Cholesterol (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Cholesterol: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pathology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
PREFACE 6
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 8
CHAPTER 1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 14
I. The Discovery and Occurrence of Cholesterol 14
II. Early Chemistry 15
III. Related Compounds 16
IV. Analytical Methods 18
V. Metabolism 19
REFERENCES 22
CHAPTER 2. CHEMISTRY 28
I. Introduction 29
II. Nomenclature 30
III. Table of Natural Sterols 33
IV. Occurrence and Large-Scale Isolation of Cholesterol 34
V. The Structure of Cholesterol 37
VI. Reactions of Cholesterol 45
VII. Physico-Chemical Measurements on Steroids 90
VIII. Digitonide Formation 93
IX. Color Reactions of Steroids 97
X. Tables of Physical Constants of Cholesterol Derivatives 102
REFERENCES 117
CHAPTER 3. METHODS OF ISOLATION AND ESTIMATION OF STEROLS 130
I. Introduction 131
II. Isolation Procedures 132
III. Quantitative Determination of Sterols 140
IV. Physical Methods 147
V· Sterols in Parts of the Cell and in Plants 149
VI. Summary and Conclusions 150
REFERENCES 152
CHAPTER 4. DISTRIBUTION OF STEROLS IN ORGANISMS AND IN TISSUES 158
I. Introduction 159
II. Whole Organisms 160
III. Distribution in Animal Tissues 161
IV. Sterols in Plants 184
V. The Sterol Content of Foodstuffs 185
VI. Conclusions 186
REFERENCES 188
CHAPTER 5. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CIRCULATING CHOLESTEROL AND LIPOPROTEINS 194
I. The Distribution of Cholesterol between the Formed Elements of the Blood and the Blood Plasma 195
II. The Physical State of the Plasma Cholesterol 196
III. Species Differences 199
IV. Race 199
V. The Effect of Diet 201
VI. Plasma Cholesterol in Man 205
VII. Conclusions 215
REFERENCES 215
CHAPTER 6. BIOSYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL 222
I. Introduction 223
II. Pathways in Cholesterol Biosynthesis 224
III. Sites of Sterol Biosynthesis in Animal Tissues 238
IV. Sterol Biosynthesis in Yeast and Other Organisms 243
V. The Labeling of Sterols 244
REFERENCES 244
CHAPTER 7. THE METABOLISM OF CHOLESTEROL AND OTHER STEROLS IN THE ANIMAL ORGANISM 250
I. Introduction 252
II. Absorption of Sterols from the Intestine 253
III. Esterification of Cholesterol 265
IV. Cholesterol Metabolism in the Liver 269
V. Metabolism of Cholesterol in Extrahepatic Tissues 287
VI. Factors Influencing Cholesterol Biosynthesis, Turnover, and Distribution in Tissues 289
VII. The Excretory Pathways 302
VIII. The Metabolism of Other Sterols 305
IX. Summary 308
REFERENCES 309
CHAPTER 8. CONVERSION OF CHOLESTEROL TO STEROID HORMONES 322
I. Introduction 322
II. Historical Reflections 324
III. Corticoids 330
IV· Androgens 345
V. Estrogens 348
VI. The Problem of Alternative Pathways Involved in Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis 350
VII. Concluding Remarks 354
REFERENCES 356
CHAPTER 9. MICROSCOPICAL LOCALIZATION OF CHOLESTEROL IN CELLS AND TISSUES 362
I. Introduction 363
II. Histological Demonstration of Cholesterol 366
III. Distribution of Cholesterol in Cells, Organs, and Tissues 371
IV. Some Suggested Structural Roles of Cholesterol 382
REFERENCES 385
CHAPTER 10. PATHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ABNORMAL CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM 388
I. Introduction 388
II. Normal Cholesterol Levels in Serum 390
III. Hypercholesteremia 395
IV. Hypocholesteremia 410
V. Diseases Characterized by Cholesterol Deposition 412
VI. Cholesterol and Cancer 432
Summary 433
REFERENCES 433
CHAPTER 11. TREATMENT OF DISORDERS OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM 440
I. Diet 440
II. ß-Sitosterol 442
III. Nicotinic Acid 443
IV. Exercise 443
V. Reduction of Abnormal Arterial Pressure Levels 443
VI. Endocrine Therapy 443
VII. Anti-biosynthetic Compounds 444
VIII. Primary Hyperlipemias 445
IX. Secondary Hyperlipemias 445
REFERENCES 446
CHAPTER 12. EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF THE STEROLS 448
I. Introduction 448
II. Sterols of Animals 449
III. Conclusions 454
REFERENCES 456
CHAPTER 13. THE STEROL REQUIREMENTS OF INSECTS AND OF PROTOZOA 458
I. Insects 458
II. Protozoa 464
REFERENCES 467
CHAPTER 14. THE MICROBIAL METABOLISM OF STEROIDS 470
I. Introduction 470
II. Oxidation of Nuclear Positions in the Steroid Molecule 470
III. Degradation of Steroids 473
IV· Biosynthesis in Yeasts and Fungi 474
REFERENCES 475
CHAPTER 15. SOME RELATIONS OF CHOLESTEROL TO OTHER LIPIDS 478
I. Introduction 478
II. Interrelations with Other Lipids 478
III. Results from Balance Experiments 487
IV. The D Vitamins 487
V. General Conclusions 488
REFERENCES 489
APPENDIX OF PRACTICAL METHODS 494
I. General 494
II. Extraction Procedures 497
III. Colorimetric Determinations 500
IV. Chromatography 506
V. Estimation of Serum Lipoproteins by Zone Electrophoresis and Estimation of Cholesterol 510
Author Index 512
Subject Index 542