Nervous System (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Nervous System – Part A: Central Nervous System Drugs 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 14
Contributors to Volume I 6
Foreword 8
Preface 10
Contents Volume II 12
Part I: Depressant Drugs 18
Section A: General Anesthetics 20
Chapter 1. Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination 20
I. Introduction: Volatile versus Nonvolatile Drugs 21
II. Inhalational Anesthetics 21
III. Blood and Brain Concentrations 23
IV. Solubility and Potency 24
V. Effects of Anesthetics on Protoplasm 24
VI. Physical Behavior of Anesthetics 25
VII. Factors Influencing the Uptake of Gases by Tissues 26
VIII. Absorption by the Tissues 39
IX. Elimination of Inert Volatile Anesthetics 48
X. Factors Which Disturb Normal Sequence of Uptake and Elimination of Volatile drugs 53
XI. Methods of Administration of Anesthetics 55
XII. Variations in Distribution Due to Systemic Effects of Anesthetics 57
References 57
Chapter 2. Effects upon Physiological Systems 60
Introduction 60
I. Theories of General Anesthesia 117
II. Effects of General Anesthetics upon Physiological Systems 65
References 110
Section B: The Alcohols 116
I. Alcohols Acting on the Central Nervous System 117
II. Metabolism of Alcohols 120
III. Effect of Alcohols on the Central Nervous System 138
IV. Effect of Alcohols outside the Central Nervous System 149
V. Synergisms and Antagonisms between Alcohols and Other Drugs 156
VI. Appetency for Ethanol 158
VII. Effect of Prolonged Use of Alcohols 162
VIII. Toxicology of Alcohols 166
References 170
Section C: Sedatives and Hypnotics 202
Chapter 1. Absorption, Fate, and Excretion 202
I. Introduction (Definitions and Purposes) 202
II. General Relationships of Solubility and lonization to Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion 203
III. The Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs 219
References 230
Chapter 2. Effects upon Physiological Systems 236
a. The Electrophysiological Effects of Barbiturateson the Brain 236
I. Introduction 236
II. Electrophysiological Effects of Barbiturates in Man 237
III. Electrophysiological Effects of Barbiturates in Animals 246
IV. Synthesis 250
References 252
Chapter 2. Effects upon Physiological Systems 256
b. Nonbarbiturates 256
I. Introduction 256
II. Classification of Nonbarbiturates 259
III. Major Nonbarbiturate Sedative-Hypnotics 261
IV. Minor Sedative-Hypnotics 279
References 281
Section D: Analgesic and Antipyretic Drugs 292
Chapter 1. Strong Analgesics 292
I. Introduction 292
II. Concepts of Pain 293
III. Mode of Action of Strong Analgesics 300
IV. Relationship between Chemical Structure and Analgesic Activity 311
V. Absorption, Enzymatic Alteration, and Excretion of Strong Analgesics 319
VI. Summary 322
References 322
Chapter 2. Non-Narcotic Analgesics 330
Introduction 331
I. Salicylates 335
II. Aspirin Analogs 366
III. Aniline Derivatives 373
IV. Pyrazole Derivatives 386
V. d-Propoxyphene 401
VI. Versidyne (Ro 4-1778/1) 407
VII. Muscle Relaxants and Tranquilizers 411
VIII. Sympathomimetic Amines 417
References 422
Section E: Tranquilizers 434
Chapter 1. Phenothiazine Derivatives 434
I. Introduction 434
II. Chemistry 435
III. Chlorpromazine as the "Model" 438
IV. Other Phenothiazines with Mainly Central Actions 480
V. Effects of Phenothiazines in Man 484
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 489
REFERENCES 489
Chapter 2. Rauwolfia Derivatives 496
I. Introduction 496
II. The Chemistry of Reserpine 497
III. The Pharmacology of Reserpine 497
IV. The Clinical Uses of Reserpine 536
V. Side Effects of Reserpine 537
VI. Conclusion 539
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 540
REFERENCES 540
Chapter 3. Diphenylmethane Derivatives 554
I. Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride (Atarax®) 555
II. Benactyzine Hydrochloride 563
III. Azacyclonol Hydrochloride ( Frenquel®) 568
IV. Pipradrol Hydrochloride ( Meratran®) 571
References 578
Section F: Physiological Aspects of Tolerance and Physical Dependence 582
I . Introduction . 582
II . Morphine Type of Tolerance and Physical Dependence . 585
III . Alcohol Type of Tolerance and Physical Dependence . 636
IV . Tolerance and Physical Dependence to Other Depressants . 645
V . Comparison of “Depressant” and “Stimulant” Drugs 646
References 647
AUTHOR INDEX 658
SUBJECT INDEX 694