Pharmacological and Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug Dependence (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Pharmacological and Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug Dependence 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Contributors to the Symposium 10
Preface 14
Introduction 16
Chapter 1: Pharmacology and Clinical Observations on Narcotic Drugs 20
Chapter I. Chemistry and Pharmacology of Narcotic Drugs in Adolescence 22
MORPHINE-LIKE GROUP 22
COCAINE 26
CANNABIS 27
REFERENCES 28
Chapter II. Narcotic Addiction in Young People in the United States 30
ADOLESCENT NARCOTIC ADDICTION 30
WITHDRAWAL OF NARCOTIC DRUGS 40
CONVALESCENCE AFTER WITHDRAWAL 41
PREPARATION FOR DISCHARGE 41
AFTERCARE 42
REFERENCES 44
Chapter 2: Pharmacology and Clinical Observations on Stimulant Drugs 46
Chapter I. Animal Behaviour Studies and Some Possible Implications for Man 48
EXPERIMENTS ON DRUG-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR 49
EXPERIMENTS ON LONG-TERM ADMINISTRATION 51
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 55
CONCLUSIONS 57
REFERENCES 58
Chapter II. Clinical Aspects of Amphetamine Dependence 60
DEFINITIONS 62
DIAGNOSIS OF AMPHETAMINE TAKING 62
TYPES OF DEPENDENCE 63
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT 65
TREATMENT 66
RESEARCH 68
OTHER FACTORS RELATING TO AMPHETAMINE DEPENDENCE 70
SUMMARY 70
REFERENCES 71
Chapter III. An Epidemic of Phenmetrazine Dependence—Epidemiological and Clinical Aspects 74
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS 74
THE SWEDISH DRUG EPIDEMIC OF TODAY 76
THE CLINICAL PICTURE OF PHENMETRAZINE DEPENDENCE 80
REFERENCES 85
Chapter IV. Epidemic Misuse of Phenmetrazine and Some Data about a Combination with a Laxative 86
REFERENCES 90
Chapter 3: Pharmacology and Clinical Observations on Hallucinogenic Drugs 92
Chapter I. Lysergic Acid Derivatives in Morning Glory Seeds 94
EPIDEMIOLOGY 95
DESCRIPTION OF THE SEEDS 96
THE CONTENT OF LYSERGIC ACID AMIDES 97
DISCUSSION 99
REFERENCES 100
Chapter II. Abuse of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide—an Increasing Problem 102
REFERENCES 109
Chapter III. The Use of Cannabis in relation to the Adolescent 112
THE ORIGIN AND PREPARATION OF CANNABIS 112
THE PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PRINCIPLES IN CANNABIS 117
THE USE OF CANNABIS BY THE ADOLESCENT 134
THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF CANNABIS 140
CANNABIS AND THE LAW 148
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 153
REFERENCES 156
Chapter 4: The Social Pharmacology of Drugs of Dependence 158
Chapter I. Drug Dependence or Drug Abuse? 160
DRUG CUSTOM IN THE SOCIAL CULTURE 160
INDIVIDUAL DEPENDENCE AND SOCIAL ABUSE 163
DEPENDENCE, ABUSE AND PLACEBO EFFECTS 164
DRUG DEPENDENCE 166
THE CULTURAL PATTERN IN RESPECT OF DRUG TAKING 173
REFERENCES 176
Chapter II. The Psycho-social Aspects of Student Drug taking 178
CHANGES IN STUDENT CULTURE 178
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA 179
DISCUSSION 183
REFERENCES 185
Chapter III. Psychological and Social Aspects of Drug Dependence in Adolescence 186
TREATMENT AND RESEARCH 192
CONCLUSION 193
REFERENCES 194
Chapter IV. Socio-psychological Factors in Drug Dependence 196
Chapter V. Legal Aspects of Drug Dependence in relation to Student Drug Abuse 200
Chapter 5: The Epidemiology of Drugs of Dependence 204
Chapter I. Epidemiological Aspects of Adolescent Drug Dependence in the United States 206
DRUG DEPENDENCE, OPIATE TYPE 207
PATTERN OF DRUG ABUSE WITH OTHER DRUGS 210
THE PATTERN OF ABUSE 212
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 215
Chapter II. Recent Changes in the Pattern of Drug Abuse in London and the United Kingdom 216
CHANGES IN THE INCIDENCE OF DEPENDENCE ON OPIATES 217
MISUSE OF CANNABIS (MARIJUANA) 225
MISUSE OF AMPHETAMINES 229
MISUSE OF BARBITURATES 231
OTHER TYPES OF MISUSE OF DRUGS 236
INCIDENCE OF ALCOHOLISM 237
DISCUSSION 238
SUMMARY 238
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 238
REFERENCES 238
Chapter III. Causes of Death from Drugs of Dependence 240
SUMMARY 270
REFERENCES 270
Chapter IV. The Pathological Aspects of Drug Dependence 272
Chapter 6: Features of Adolescent Drug Dependence—a Compendium 276
Chapter 
278 
THE PHARMACOLOGY OF DRUGS OF DEPENDENCE 278
DRUG DEPENDENCE OF THE HEROIN TYPE 282
DRUG DEPENDENCE OF THE CANNABIS TYPE 286
MARIJUANA—HEROIN INTERDEPENDENCE 290
DEPENDENCE ON LSD 291
DRUG DEPENDENCE OF THE STIMULANT TYPE 292
ALCOHOL, STIMULANT AND BARBITURATE INTERDEPENDENCE 297
REFERENCES 300
Chapter 
302 
SOURCES OF DRUGS FOR THE DRUG-USING CULTURE 302
DRUGS OF DEPENDENCE IN THE GROUP CULTURE 303
TREATMENT OF DRUG DEPENDENCE IN ITS NATURAL SETTING 309
REFERENCES 310
Chapter 
312 
EDUCATION IN RELATION TO DRUG DEPENDENCE 312
ADVERTISING IN RELATION TO DRUG DEPENDENCE 314
DRUG DEPENDENCE: ITS RELATION TO CRIME 318
INSTITUTIONAL CARE AND TREATMENT OF DRUG USERS 320
DRUGS OF DEPENDENCE: CONTROL OF THEIR USE BY SOCIETY 325
Chapter 7: The Regulations controlling Drugs of Dependence in relation to the National Incidence of Adolescent Dependence in Certain Countries 328
Chapter I. Changes in Drug Abuse in relation to the Law 330
REFERENCES 334
Chapter II. Summary of the Regulations controlling Dangerous Drugs in Belgium and Commentary on Their Effectiveness 336
DISINFECTANTS AND ANTISEPTICS 337
THE TOXICS (OR POISONOUS SUBSTANCES IN FRENCH: SUBSTANCES ENENEUSES)
THE (HYPNOTICS AND) NARCOTICS 341
Chapter 
346 
1. DRUG LEGISLATION AND CONTROL 
346 
2. DANGEROUS DRUG LEGISLATION 
350 
Chapter 
354 
1. DRUG CONTROL IN IRELAND 354
2. THE EVIDENCE FOR ADOLESCENT DRUG 
358 
REFERENCES 360
Chapter V. 
362 
LEGISLATION 362
SIZE OF THE ADDICTIVE PROBLEM 363
CONCLUSIONS 369
REFERENCES 369
Chapter VI. Summary of the Regulations controlling Dangerous Drugs in the Netherlands 370
Chapter 
372 
1. LEGISLATION AND DRUG CONTROL IN SWEDEN 372
2. THE CONTROL AND TREATMENT OF PHENMETRAZINE DEPENDENCE 
374 
3. THE REGULATIONS CONTROLLING 
376 
Chapter VIII. The Changing Pattern and Control of Dangerous Drugs in the United Arab Republic 386
CHANGING SOCIO-ECONOMIC PATTERNS AND THEIR EFFECT 387
LAWS AND REGULATIONS 388
RECENT TRENDS IN DRUG DEPENDENCE AND ADDICTION 389
Chapter 
392 
1. SUMMARY OF THE MAIN LEGAL PROVISIONS CONTROLLING THE USE OF DRUGS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 392
2. THE CONTROL OF DRUG USE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 394
REFERENCES 397
Chapter X. Some Comments on Adolescent Drug Dependence and the Law in the United States 398
REFERENCES 405
Chapter 8: The Language, Evidence and Patterns of Drug Abuse 406
Chapter I. The Language of Drug Dependence: a Glossary of Slang Terms used by Addicts in the United Kingdom 408
GLOSSARY 408
Chapter II. The Evidence for Drug Abuse in the United Kingdom and the United States of America 414
BARBITURATES 415
AMPHETAMINES 416
AMERICAN EVIDENCE ON THE BARBITURATE AND 
417 
Chapter III. The Patterns of Drug Abuse: 
420 
I. PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOGENIC ASPECTS 
424 
II. FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO AND ASSOCIATED WITH 
465 
III. THE PATTERN OF DEPENDENCE 473
IV. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRUG-TAKING AND 
488 
V. THE NATIONAL INCIDENCE AND AGES OF INDIVIDUALS ABUSING DRUGS 500
VI. THE ABUSE OF DRUGS IN COMBINATION—DRUG 
521 
REFERENCES 526
Chapter 9: Research in Relation to Drugs of Dependence 530
Chapter I. Drug Dependence in Adolescents: the Challenge to the Research Worker 532
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND PROOF OF DRUG-TAKING 532
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF EUPHORIA, TOLERANCE AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE 533
ANIMAL BEHAVIOURAL STUDIES 534
THE HUMAN PHARMACOLOGY OF DRUG-DEPENDENCE 534
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 535
CONCLUSION 536
Chapter II. Lines 
538 
REFERENCES 542
Chapter 
544 
ADOLESCENT DRUG DEPENDENCE: 
546 
Summary of the Symposium 546