Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Foreword 8
Introduction 12
PART I: The 1964 Version of the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials 14
CHAPTER 1. An Analysis of the IAEA Regulations 16
INTRODUCTION 16
BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF TRANSPORT REGULATIONS 16
APPLICATION 17
TYPES OF CONSIGNMENT 18
GROUPING OF RADIONUCLIDES 19
PACKAGING 20
QUANTITY LIMITATIONS 22
PROTECTION AGAINST EXTERNAL RADIATION 23
MARKING 24
EXTERNAL CONTAMINATION 24
FISSILE CONSIGNMENTS 25
SEGREGATION 25
FULL LOADS 26
SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS 27
PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS OF TRANSPORT REGULATIONS 27
CERTIFICATION OF CONSIGNMENTS 27
DUTIES OF CARRIERS IN RESPECT OF EMPLOYEES 28
DUTIES OF COMPETENT AUTHORITIES 28
SPECIAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 28
CUSTOMS EXAMINATION OF PACKAGES CONTAINING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL 30
ACCIDENT PROCEDURE 30
STORAGE INCIDENTAL TO TRANSPORT 30
CONCLUSION 30
ANNEX 31
CHAPTER 2. The Role of the Competent Authority as Envisaged by the IAEA Transport Regulations 33
I. GENERAL REMARKS 33
II. PACKAGES AND SHIPMENTS NOT SUBJECT TO ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES PRIOR TO TRANSPORT EXCEPTIONS TO THIS PRINCIPLE
III. PACKAGES AND SHIPMENTS SUBJECT TO ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES PRIOR TO TRANSPORT 40
IV. SPECIAL ASPECTS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES FOR PACKAGES AND TRANSPORT MOVEMENTS INVOLVING FISSILE MATERIALS 48
V. PYROPHORIC RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 51
VI. INSPECTIONS OF PACKAGING DURING CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OF PACKAGES 52
VII. CONCLUSIONS 53
CHAPTER 3. The Classification of Radionuclides for Transport Purposes 57
INTRODUCTION 57
EXAMINATION OF METHOD USED TO DERIVE PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION FOR GROUPS I-IV1,3 59
EXAMINATION OF BASES OF ADJUSTMENT TO PRELIMINARY CLASSIFICATION FOR GROUPS I-IV1,3 63
CLASSIFICATION OF RADIONUCLIDES NOT LISTED BY THE ICRP5 68
CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIAL FORM MATERIAL 69
CLASSIFICATION OF NOBLE GASES AND TRITIUM (GROUPS V, VI, VII and VIII) 70
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF THE TRANSPORT CLASSIFICATION WITHIN THE REGULATIONS 74
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 78
REFERENCES 79
CHAPTER 4. A Guide to the Requirements Relating to Fissile Materials 80
THE REGULATIONS 82
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PACKAGES CONTAINING FISSILE MATERIALS (C-5) 83
GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR NUCLEAR SAFETY (C-5.2) 85
FISSILE CLASS I (C-5.3) 87
FISSILE CLASS I—NUCLEAR SAFETY CRITERIA (C.5.3.1) 87
FISSILE CLASS II (C-5.4) 89
FISSILE CLASS II—NUCLEAR SAFETY CRITERIA (C-5.4.1) 89
PROVISIONS SPECIFIC TO FISSILE CLASS III PACKAGES (C-5.5) 91
LABELLING REQUIREMENTS FOR PACKAGES OF FISSILE MATERIALS 92
ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS (C-6) 92
APPROVALS FOR SHIPMENT AND PRIOR NOTIFICATION (C-6.3) 94
REGULATIONS FOR STORAGE AND CARRIAGE (PART D) 94
ANNEX III FISSILE MATERIALS METHODS OF COMPLIANCE WITH NUCLEAR SAFETY CRITERIA 95
CONCLUSION 99
CHAPTER 5. Tests for Type A and Type B Packaging and Capsules 100
INTRODUCTION 100
ENVIRONMENT NORMAL TO TRANSPORT 101
TESTS FOR TYPE A PACKAGING 102
ACCIDENT CONDITIONS IN TRANSPORT 108
TEST PROCEDURES FOR TYPE B PACKAGING 109
TEST PROCEDURES FOR FISSILE CLASSES I AND II PACKAGES 115
TESTS FOR DESIGN OF CAPSULES 118
PACKAGING TESTS—ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 120
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 122
REFERENCES 124
CHAPTER 6. Design Principles for Type A and Type B Packaging 126
INTRODUCTION 126
PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS 127
CONTAINMENT AND RADIATION SHIELDING DESIGN PRINCIPLES 129
CONCLUSION 130
CHAPTER 7. The IAEA Concept of the Large Radioactive Source 132
BACKGROUND OF THE "LARGE SOURCE" CONCEPT 132
SPECIFIC TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS SUPPLEMENTARY TO THOSE APPLICABLE TO TYPE B PACKAGING 137
THE PLACE OF IRRADIATED FUEL IN THE FIELD OF THE LARGE SOURCE 143
CHAPTER 8. The Carriage of Low Specific Activity Materials 145
INTRODUCTION 145
LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MATERIALS IN RELATION TO ACCIDENT CONDITIONS 146
LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MATERIALS IN THE NORMAL TRANSPORT ENVIRONMENT 150
EXAMPLES OF COMMON LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY SHIPMENTS 157
CONCLUSION 159
REFERENCES 159
CHAPTER 9. The Control of External Radiation Hazards During the Transport of Radioactive Materials 160
I. INTRODUCTION 160
II. OBJECTIVES OF EXTERNAL RADIATION CONTROL 161
III. BASIC STANDARDS OF EXPOSURE 161
IV. EXTERNAL RADIATION LIMITS FOR PACKAGES DURING NORMAL TRANSPORT 163
V. SOME PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THE PREPARATION OF SEGREGATION DISTANCE TABLES 167
VI. MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR THE CALCULATION OF SEGREGATION DISTANCES FROM PACKAGED RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 168
VII. THE APPLICATION OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION PRINCIPLES TO THE DETERMINATION OF SEGREGATION DISTANCES FOR PERSONS 173
VIII. SEGREGATION OF PACKAGES FROM FILM 179
IX. PACKAGE CLASSIFICATION AND SEGREGATION PROCEDURE IN THE U.S.S.R. 180
X. SEGREGATION OF PACKAGED RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS: REQUIREMENTS IN THE 1964 IAEA TRANSPORT REGULATIONS 185
XI. SEGREGATION OF LOW SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MATERIALS 188
XII. VEHICLE DOSE - RATE LIMITATIONS 189
XIII. THE USE OF DOSE-RATE MEASURING EQUIPMENT 190
REFERENCES 190
APPENDIX I. Estimate of the Radioactive Traffic Factor for Air Transport ex U.K. 191
PART II: International and National Implementation of the IAEA Regulations 194
CHAPTER 10. IATA and the Carriage of Radioactive Materials by Air 196
FUNCTIONS OF IATA 196
DEVELOPMENT OF IATA RESTRICTED ARTICLES REGULATIONS 198
PACKAGING REQUIREMENTS FOR RESTRICTED ARTICLES 200
DEVELOPMENT OF IATA RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS REGULATIONS 201
CHAPTER 11. The Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization and the IAEA Transport Regulations 205
CHAPTER 12. Implementation of the IAEA Regulationsin the RID 207
THE STRUCTURE OF RID 209
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RID AND IAEA TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 213
DIVERGENCES BETWEEN RID AND IAEA IN THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THEIR SAFETY PHILOSOPHIES 218
FITTING THE DUTIES OF THE COMPETENT AUTHORITY INTO THE RID FORMAT 221
CONCLUSION 225
CHAPTER 13. Implementation of the IAEA Regulations in the U.S.A. 226
INTRODUCTION 226
THE TRANSPORT INDUSTRY 226
HISTORICAL NOTE 228
REGULATORY STRUCTURE 229
REGULATIONS 229
COMPARISON OF EARLY U.S. AND IAEA REGULATIONS 231
REVISING OF U.S. REGULATIONS 233
PRESENT STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION 236
REFERENCES 238
CHAPTER 14. IAEA Regulations in the United Kingdom 239
SEA 240
RAIL 242
ROAD 243
AIR 244
CHAPTER 15. Implementation of the IAEA Regulationsin France 245
A LOOK AT THE PAST 245
THE SHAPE OF THE FRENCH REGULATIONS 247
FUTURE PROSPECTS 249
REFERENCES 250
CHAPTER 16. Regulations Governing the Transportation of Radioactive Materials in Canada 251
PART III 254
CHAPTER 17. Review of Transport Accidents and Incidents Involving Radioactive Materials 256
INTRODUCTION 256
ACCIDENT ANALYSIS 257
ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC 259
TRANSPORT INCIDENTS 260
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS 260
REFERENCES 260
PART IV 268
CHAPTER 18. Liability and Insurance in the Transport of Radioactive Materials 270
I. LIABILITY IN THE FIELD OF NUCLEAR TRANSPORT OPERATIONS 271
II. INSURANCE IN THE TRANSPORT OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS 285
CHAPTER 19. United Kingdom Practice on Insurance and Indemnity during the Transport of Radioactive Materials 288
REFERENCES 292
APPENDIX A: Nuclear Matter Transport Certificate 294
Index 296