Neurotransmitters (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Neurotransmitters 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Introduction 10
Part I: GABA: Simple Molecule With Complex Functions 12
Chapter 1. 
14 
GABA RECEPTOR BINDING IN HUMAN BRAIN 14
GAD IN HUMAN POST-MORTEM BRAIN IN HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE AND SCHIZOPHRENIA 16
CONCLUSIONS 18
REFERENCES 19
Chapter 2. 
22 
INTRODUCTION 22
NEURONAL RECEPTORS FOR GABA IN THE CNS 22
UPTAKE SYSTEMS FOR GABA IN THE CNS 23
CYCLOPENTANE ANALOGUES OF GABA 24
'ACTIVE CONFORMATIONS' OF GABA 26
CONCLUSION 28
REFERENCES 28
Acknowledgement 29
Chapter 3. 
30 
The effects on GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition 30
CNS depressants and GABA release 31
Direct GABA-like effects of depressant drugs 32
Effects of depressants on responses to GABA 33
Effects of depressants on GABA antagonists 34
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35
REFERENCES 35
Chapter 4. 
40 
REFERENCES 42
Chapter 5. 
44 
Evidence for the interaction of BZDs with GABA mechanisms 44
Mechanisms by which BZD enhances GABAergic transmission 45
Presence of a protein modulator of the Na+-independent GABA binding in crude synaptic membranes prepared from brain 46
Interaction between BZDs and the endogenous modulator of the Na+- independent high affinity site for GABA 48
The supramolecular nature of GABA postsynaptic receptors: identification of components 50
REFERENCES 51
Chapter 6. 
54 
ABSTRACT 54
INTRODUCTION 55
IDENTIFYING GABA-RELEASING NEURONS IN THE VERTEBRATE CNS 56
GABA NEURONS PARTICIPATE IN NUMEROUS AND COMPLEX RELATIONS 59
GABA NEURONS AND FUNCTIONAL COORDINATION 61
GABA ACTION AND DEACTIVATION: AGONISTS, ANTAGONISTS, AND AMPLIFIERS 62
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONS 63
PROPOSED COUPLED ACTION-INACTIVATION MECHANISM OF GABA FUNCTION 69
CONCLUDING REMARKS 71
REFERENCES 72
Part II: Interdependence of Neurotransmitter Systems in the CNS 78
Chapter 7. 
80 
INTRODUCTION 80
INTRASYNAPTIC MECHANISMS 81
INTERSYNAPTIC MECHANISMS 83
MODULATION OF GANGLIONIC TRANSMISSION BY ENDOGENOUS COMPOUNDS 85
CONCLUSIONS 87
Acknowledgment 88
REFERENCES 88
Chapter 8. 
98 
GABA 98
REFERENCES 105
Chapter 9. 
108 
Introduction 108
Measurement of rates of neurotransmitter utilization as a research tool in neurochemical pharmacology 108
Relationship between nerve stimulation and the turnover rate of ACh and GABA in identified neuronal pathways 109
Studies on the dopaminergic regulation of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons fby measurements of TRACh and TRGABA in brain nuclei 111
Studies of the enkephalinergic regulation of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons by measurements of TRACh and TRGABA in brain nuclei 112
Studies of dopaminergic regulation of enkephalinergic neurons ofstriatum and N. accumbens 113
Conclusions 114
References 115
Chapter 10. 
120 
INTRODUCTION 120
EFFECTS OF THE NIGRAL APPLICATION OF DOPAMINERGIC DRUGS ON THE RELEASE OFJH-DA IN THE IPSILATERAL CAUDATE NUCLEUS 121
EFFECTS OF THE NIGRAL APPLICATION OF GABA, GLYCINE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS ON THE RELEASE OF ^H-DA IN THE IPSILATERAL CAUDATE NUCLEUS 123
EFFECTS OF SUBSTANCE P AND OF ITS IMMUNONEUTRALIZATION IN THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA ON THE RELEASE OF ^H-DA IN THE IPSI LATERAL CAUDATE NUCLEUS 124
RECIPROCAL REGULATION OF THE TWO DOPAMINERGIC PATHWAYS 125
CONCLUSIONS 126
REFERENCES 127
Chapter 11. 
132 
ABSTRACT 132
INTRODUCTION 132
DISCUSSION 136
REFERENCES 138
Chapter 12. 
142 
ABSTRACT 142
INTRODUCTION 142
METHODOLOGY 143
INTERACTION - GENERAL ASPECTS 143
INTERACTION OF NEURON SYSTEMS 146
COEXISTENCE OF PEPTIDES AND AMINES 148
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 151
REFERENCES 151
Chapter 13. 
156 
Part III: Pharmacology of Neurotransmitters: New Vistas 160
Chapter 14. 
162 
ABSTRACT 162
KEYWORDS 162
INTRODUCTION 162
RESULTS 164
DISCUSSION 165
LITERATURE 169
Chapter 15. 
172 
ABSTRACT 172
INTRODUCTION 172
METHODS 173
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 173
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 179
REFERENCES 179
Chapter 16. 
182 
ABSTRACT 182
INTRODUCTION 182
HISTAMINERGIC PATHWAYS AND ATTEMPTS AT LOCALIZING THEIR ORIGIN 183
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HISTAMINE RECEPTORS IN BRAIN 184
REFERENCES 190
Chapter 17. 
192 
SP IN THE VENTRAL HORN 192
TIME COURSE OF ACTION OF SP 192
EFFECT OF Ca, Mg AND TETRODOTOXIN 194
EFFECT OF BACLOFEN 196
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP 198
CONCLUSIONS 199
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 199
REFERENCES 199
Chapter 18. 
202 
ABSTRACT 202
INTRODUCTION 202
METHODS 203
RESULTS 203
CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 212
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 213
REFERENCES 213
Chapter 19. 
216 
INTRODUCTION 216
What is being coded? 216
Domains of Synaptic Operations 218
Other Domains 219
Space. Time and Energy Operations 220
Conclusions 222
References 222
Part IV: Invited Lectures 226
Chapter 20. 
228 
Acknowledgements 238
References 239
Chapter 21. 
242 
CONFORMATIONALLY RIGID AMINE ANALOGUES AS TOOLS IN STUDYING STEREOSELECTIVITY OF THE UPTAKE SITE 243
CONFORMATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE INHIBITION OF UPTAKE BY ANTI - DEPRESSANTAND OTHER DRUGS 250
CONCLUSIONS 254
REFERENCES 255
Chapter 22. 
260 
NEURONAL CONTROL OF CATECHOLAMINE BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYMES 260
HORMONAL REGULATION OF CATECHOLAMINE BIOSYNTHETTC ENZYMES 262
THE PINEAL GLAND AND THE 3-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR 263
REGULATION OF SENSITIVITY OF 3-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR IN THE PINEAL 264
THE 3-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS 266
THE 3-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR, PHOSPHOLIPID METHYLATION AND MEMBRANE FLUIDITY 268
REFERENCES 271
Chapter 23. 
274 
ABSTRACT 274
REFERENCES 290
Chapter 24. 
292 
INTRODUCTION 292
NEUROCHEMISTRY OF GABA 292
INHIBITION OF SPINAL NEURONES 293
DUAL NATURE OF SPINAL PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION 299
PHARMACOLOGY OF SPINAL GABERGIC INHIBITION 300
CONCLUSION 303
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 304
REFERENCES 304
Index 310