Evaluation of Toxicological Data for the Protection of Public Health (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Evaluation of Toxicological Data for the Protection of Public Health 
4 
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
EDITORIAL NOTE 10
PART I: OPENING SESSION 12
Chapter 1. ALLOCUTION D'OUVERTURE 14
Chapter 2. OPENING ADDRESS 17
Chapter 3. INTRODUCTORY REPORT ON BEHALF OF THE INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 20
Chapter 4. ESPOSTO DI APERTURA 24
Chapter 5. INTRODUCTORY REPORT 27
Chapter 6. INTRODUCTORY REPORT 30
PART II: CRITICAL REVIEW OF TOXICOLOGICAL TESTS CURRENTLY IN USE 32
Chapter 7. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS AND COMMENTS ON ACUTE TOXICITY 34
INTRODUCTION 34
ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS 34
CONCLUSION 37
REFERENCE 38
Chapter 8. SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TESTING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENS 40
INTRODUCTION 42
DETECTION 43
VERIFICATION 43
MAMMALIAN ASSAY SYSTEMS 45
EXTRAPOLATION PROBLEMS 50
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 52
REFERENCES 52
Chapter 9. A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE PRESENT STATE OF THE TESTING FOR CARCINOGENIC POTENTIALS 60
REFERENCES 64
Chapter 10. INFLUENCE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT SUR LA DESCENDANCE 66
INFLUENCE DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT SUR LA DESCENDANCE 67
RESUME 67
I - INTRODUCTION 69
II - CONDITIONS DE L'ACTION TERATOGENE 69
III - MODIFICATEURS CHIMIQUES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT 71
IV- LES AGENTS THERAPEUTIQUES 74
V - CONCLUSIONS 78
REFERENCES 79
Chapter 11. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON OFFSPRING 82
I. INTRODUCTION 82
II . CONDITIONS OF TERATOGENIC ACTION 82
III. CHEMICAL AGENTS WHICH CHANGE THE ENVIRONMENT 85
IV. THERAPEUTIC AGENTS 90
V. CONCLUSIONS 95
PART III: CRITICAL REVIEW OF EVALUATION OF TOXICOLOGICAL DATA 98
Chapter 12. INTRODUCTION 100
Chapter 13. UNCERTAINTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE EVALUATION OF THE HEALTH HAZARDS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS FROM TOXICOLOGICAL DATA 106
INTRODUCTION 107
CONCLUSIONS 116
REFERENCES 121
Chapter 14. CRITICAL REVIEW OF EVALUATION OF TOXICOLOGICAL DATA BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS 126
INTRODUCTION 127
ARYLAMINES, METHAEMOGLOBIN FORMATION, CANCER, SENSITIZATION 128
DRUG METABOLISM AND PHARMACOKINETICS 133
FORMATION OF ARENE OXIDES AND EPOXIDES FROM AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC DOUBLE BONDS 137
COVALENT BINDING OF FOREIGN COMPOUNDS TO TISSUE MACROMOLECULES 139
HALOALKANES: METABOLIC ACTIVATION AND IRREVERSIBLE BINDING 141
REFERENCES 147
Chapter 15. MORPHOLOGIC PARAMETERS OF HEPATIC INJURIES 152
EXPOSITION 154
REFERENCES 159
Chapter 16. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF INDICES OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS 162
INTRODUCTION 163
THE GENERATION OF HUNCHES 163
SURVEILLANCE SCHEMES 167
HYPOTHESIS TESTING 168
REFERENCES 169
Chapter 17. CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CONCEPTS OF SAFE LEVELS 172
Chapter 18. INTRODUCTION 174
Chapter 19. CRITICAL GROUPS AND THE SIZE OF THE POPULATION TO BE CONSIDERED FOR POLLUTANT CRITERIA 176
CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM 177
CHAPTER 2 HOW WE AS INDIVIDUALS LEAD OUR LIVES 178
CHAPTER 3 CIGARETTE SMOKING 180
CHAPTER 4 THE INFLUENCE OF THE COMMUNAL ENVIRONMENT 182
CHAPTER 5 THE ACCEPTABLE RISK 184
CHAPTER 6. CRITICAL GROUPS AND THE SIZE OF POPULATION AFFECTED 185
CHAPTER 7 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 187
REFERENCES 188
Chapter 20. PROBLEMES QUE POSE LE CONCEPT DU SEUIL DANS L'EVALUATION DU RISQUE RADIOACTIF 192
RESUME 192
THE PROBLEMS OF THE THRESHOLD LEVEL CONCEPT IN THE EVALUATION OF RADIOACTIVITY HAZARDS 192
Chapter 21. THE PROBLEMS OF THE THRESHOLD LEVEL CONCEPT IN THE EVALUATION OF RADIOACTIVITY HAZARDS 201
Chapter 22. SAFETY FACTORS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION 208
INTRODUCTION 209
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 209
SAFETY FACTORS 211
CONCLUSIONS 221
REFERENCES 221
Chapter 23. ECOTOXICOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR THE PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH 226
Chapter 24. INTRODUCTION 228
Chapter 25. INTRODUCTION 232
Chapter 26. OCCURRENCE AND FATE OF SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 236
INTRODUCTION 237
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA 242
EVALUATION SCHEMES 244
Chapter 27. THE USE OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS AS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION GAUGES 248
INTRODUCTION 250
THE DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 250
INTERIM EXPOSURE MONITORING 254
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 256
MEASURING EFFECTS ON BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 256
MEASURING POLLUTANT LEVELS IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS 258
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 263
REFERENCES 264
Chapter 28. EXAMPLES OF ECOTOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH 266
INTRODUCTION 267
REFERENCES 279
Chapter 29. ECOTOXICOLOGY: SOME COMPLEXITIES OF EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEMS 282
INTRODUCTION 283
COMPLEXITY OF ECOSYSTEMS 283
EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON ECOSYSTEMS 284
CONCLUSIONS 287
SUMMARY 287
REFERENCES 287
PART IV: OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS 290
Chapter 30. ACUTE TOXICITY 292
Chapter 31. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS 296
Chapter 32. THE ROLE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR 300
J. STEENSBERG 300
P. DES CHAMP S 302
Chapter 33. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 308
CONCLUSIONS 335
PART V: ANNEX 338
Chapter 34. ECOTOXICOLOGIE: OBJECTIFS, PRINCIPES et PERSPECTIVES 340
I. - SOURCES DE POLLUTION - ENTREE, DISTRIBUTION ET DEVENIR DES POLLUANTS DANS L'ENVIRONNEMENT PHYSIQUE 343
II· - ENTREE ET DEVENIR DES POLLUANTS DANS L'ENVIRONNEMENT BIOLOGIQUE 349
III. - GENERALITES SUR LES EFFETS NOCIFS DES POLLUANTS CHIMIQUES SUR LES CONSTITUANTS DES ECOSYSTEMES COMPRENANT L'HOMME 354
IV. - PERSPECTIVES ET PROSPECTIVES EN ECOTOXICOLOGIE 367
REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES 370
Chapter 35. ECOTOXICOLOGY: OBJECTIVES, PRINCIPLES AND PERSPECTIVES 374
1.- SOURCES OF POLLUTION, HOW POLLUTANTS ARE RELEASED INTO THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, HOW THEY ARE DISTRIBUTED AND WHAT HAPPENS TO THEM 378
II. - HOW POLLUTANTS ARE RELEASED INTO THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT AND WHAT HAPPENS TO THEM 386
III. - GENERAL POINTS ON THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL 
 
393 
REFERENCES 414
Chapter 36. STATEMENT ON BEHALF OF THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION INTERNATIONAL STANDARDISATION OF PESTICIDE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS 416
PART VI: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 418