Marijuana (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Marijuana: Effects on Human Behavior 4
Cppyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 12
PREFACE 14
Chapter 1. THE LOGISTICS OF MARIJUANA RESEARCH: METHODOLOGICAL, LEGAL, AND SOCIETAL 18
I. INTRODUCTION 18
II. CLINICAL RESEARCH PLANNING 20
III. CLINICAL STUDY AT THE UNIVERSITYOF BRITISH COLUMBIA 27
IV. DRIVING RESEARCH PLANNING 36
V. SUMMARY 39
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 40
REFERENCES 40
Chapter 2. THE MARIJUANA CONTROVERSY 42
I. INTRODUCTION 42
II. BIOLOGICAL ISSUES 43
III. AESTHETIC ISSUES 56
IV. SOCIAL ISSUES 57
REFERENCES 59
Chapter 3. MOTOR AND MENTAL PERFORMANCE WITH MARIJUANA: RELATIONSHIP TO ADMINISTERED DOSE OF .9-TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL AND ITS INTERACTION WITH ALCOHOL 62
I. INTRODUCTION 63
II. PREPARATION AND CALIBRATION OF MARIJUANA CIGARETTES FOR ADMINISTRATION OF UNIFORM DOSAGE 64
III. ESTABLISHMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 66
IV. MARIJUANA DOSAGE FORM 72
V. MOTOR PERFORMANCE 73
VI. MENTAL PERFORMANCE AND ATAXIA 76
VII. PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO THC AND ALCOHOL 76
VIII. SUBJECTIVE REACTIONS 81
IX. SIGNIFICANCE AND CONCLUSION 86
REFERENCES 88
Chapter 4. MARIJUANA AND MEMORY 90
I. INTRODUCTION 90
II. PURPOSES OF MARIJUANA-MEMORY RESEARCH 91
III. A WORKING MEMORY MODEL 93
IV. EXPERIMENTAL TASKS AND SPECIFIC EXPERIMENTS WITH MARIJUANA 95
V. LOCUS OF THE STORAGE DEFICIT 105
VI. EVIDENCE OF STATE-DEPENDENT RETRIEVAL 109
VII. ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 111
VIII. NEW DIRECTIONS AND PROMISING RESEARCH 113
IX. OUTLOOK FOR MARIJUANA-MEMORY RESEARCH 116
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 116
REFERENCES 117
Chapter 5. A MODEL OF ATTENTION DESCRIBING THE COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA 120
I. INTRODUCTION 120
II. A MODEL OF ATTENTION 121
III. SUMMARY 134
REFERENCES 134
Chapter 6. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA IN MAN: AN INTERACTION MODEL 138
I. INTRODUCTION 138
II. METHODS 147
III. RESULTS 152
IV. DISCUSSION 162
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 170
REFERENCES 170
Chapter 7. CANNABIS: NEURAL MECHANISMS AND BEHAVIOR 174
I. INTRODUCTION 175
II. COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF CANNABIS IN MAN 175
III. HIPPOCAMPUS AND MEMORY 177
IV. HIPPOCAMPUS AND INTERNAL INHIBITION 180
V. CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM, MEMORY, AND INHIBITION 181
VI. COMPARISON OF CANNABINOIDS, ANTICHOLINERGICS, AND HIPPOCAMPECTOMY 182
VII. EVIDENCE THAT CANNABINOIDS EXERT ACTIONS WITHIN THE LIMBIC SYSTEM 188
VIII. EVIDENCE THAT CANNABINOIDS EXERT ACTIONS ON CHOLINERGIC MECHANISMS 190
IX. DATA INCONSISTENT WITH THE CHOLINERGIC HYPOTHESIS 192
X. EFFECTS OF THC ON NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEMS 194
XI. COMPARISON OF THC, THE EXTRAADRENAL ACTIONS OF ACTH, AND HIPPOCAMPECTOMY 195
XII. SUMMARY 198
REFERENCES 199
Chapter 8. MARIJUANA AND BEHAVIOR: HUMAN AND INFRAHUMAN COMPARISONS 206
I. INTRODUCTION 206
II. MEMORY AND ACQUISITION 208
III. TIMING BEHAVIOR 219
IV. STATE-DEPENDENT LEARNING 223
V. ATTENTION AND HABITUATION 229
VI. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 233
REFERENCES 234
Chapter 9. THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF CANNABIS USE 238
I. INTRODUCTION 238
II. STUDIES OF CHRONIC USE IN CREATED POPULATIONS 239
III. STUDIES IN ANIMALS 243
IV. STUDIES OF CHRONIC USE IN EXISTING POPULATIONS 245
V. SUMMARY 247
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 248
REFERENCES 248
Chapter 10. CANNABIS INTOXICATION: THE ROLE OF PHARMACOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES 250
I. INTRODUCTION 250
II. RECENT EVIDENCE 252
III. THE EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 259
IV. CONCLUSIONS 278
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 280
REFERENCES 280
Chapter 11. MARIJUANA USE AND PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS 282
I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 282
II. PITFALLS IN MARIJUANA RESEARCH 284
III. PSYCHIATRIC SYNDROMES DESCRIBED IN ASSOCIATION WITH MARIJUANA USE 294
IV. CORRELATIONS OF MARIJUANA USE WITH PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESS 306
V. CONCLUSION 314
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 316
REFERENCES 316
Chapter 12. MARIJUANA USE AND THE PROGRESSION TO DANGEROUS DRUGS 320
I. INTRODUCTION 320
II. LOGICAL ISSUES-DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES 322
V. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES—CAUSAL MECHANISMS 344
Chapter 13. MARIJUANA AND HUMAN AGGRESSION 356
I. INTRODUCTION 356
II. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 357
III. SOURCES AND LIMITATIONS 361
IV. LABORATORY DATA 362
V. FIELD STUDIES OF MARIJUANA AND HUMAN AGGRESSION 364
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 371
REFERENCES 371
Chapter 14. EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA ON DRIVING IN A RESTRICTED AREA AND ON CITY STREETS: DRIVING PERFORMANCE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES 376
I. INTRODUCTION 376
I I . METHODS 379
III. RESULTS 389
IV. DISCUSSION 405
V. CONCLUSION 411
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 412
REFERENCES 413
SUBJECT INDEX 416