Fungal Toxins (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Fungal Toxins 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Contributors 10
Preface 12
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES 14
Section A 20
Chapter 1. The Isolation and Identification of Toxic Coumarins 22
I. Introduction 22
ll. Coumarin 23
III. 3,3'-Methylenebis(4-hydroxycoumarin) 40
IV. Psoralens 55
V. Summary 61
References 62
Chapter 2. The Biological Action of the Coumarins 66
I. Introduction 66
ll. Coumarin 67
III. Hydroxycoumarins 70
IV. 4-Hydroxycoumarin 72
V. Psoralens 77
VI. Discussion 80
VII. Summary 83
References 83
Chapter 3. The Natural Occurrence and Uses of the Toxic Coumarins 86
I. Introduction 86
ll. Coumarins 86
III. Furocoumarins 90
IV. Hydroxycoumarins 100
V. Food Spoilage 104
VI. Summary 105
References 107
Section B 112
Chapter 4. Stachybotryotoxicosis 114
I. History 114
ll. Epizootiology 117
III. Clinical Characteristics 119
IV. Pathological Findings 122
V. Toxicity of Stachybotrys Fungi for Other Farm Animals 123
VI. Experimental Stachybotryotoxicosis in Small Animals 126
VII. Stachybotryotoxicosis in Man 129
VIII. Biological and Ecological Characteristics of the Genus Stachybotrys and Its Toxin 130
IX. Prophylaxis and Treatment 138
X. Isolating and Testing Stachybotrys Fungi for Toxicity 139
XI. General Comments 140
References 145
Section C: Phytopathogenic Toxins 148
Chapter 5. Phytopathogenic Toxins 150
I. Introduction 150
II. History 150
III. Concepts 151
IV. Terminology 154
V. Discussion 155
References 156
Chapter 6. Helminthosporium Toxins 158
I. Introduction 158
II. Helminthosporium victoriae Toxins 160
III. Helminthosporium sorokinianum Toxins 175
IV. Helminthosporium oryzae Toxins 177
V. Helminthosporium carbonum Toxins 179
VI. Other Helminthosporium Toxins 181
VII. Discussion 184
References 185
Chapter 7. Alternaria Toxins Related to Pathogenesis in Plants 188
I. Introduction 188
II. Black Spot Disease of Japanese Pear—AIternaria kikuchiana 189
III. Early Blight Disease of Tomato and Potato—Alternaria solani 194
IV. Seedling Chlorosis of Cotton and Citrus—Alternaria tenuis 197
V. Leaf Spot of Zinnia—Alternaria zinniae 206
VI. Summary and Conclusions 208
References 210
Chapter 8. A Phytotoxin from Didymella applanata Cultures 212
I. Introduction 212
II. The Cultivation of the Mold 213
III. Test of Phytotoxicity with Raspberry Plants 214
IV. Isolation of Phytotoxin 215
V. Determination of the Purity of the Toxin 216
VI. Structure Elucidation of the Toxin 217
References 228
Chapter 9. Compounds Accumulating in Plants after Infection 230
I. Introduction 230
II. Irish Potato Tuber 231
III. Sweet Potato Root 240
IV. Garden Pea and Pisatin 243
V. Green Bean and Phaseolin 246
VI. Soybean 247
VII. Carrot 249
VIII. Apple 251
IX. Pear 256
X. Orchid 257
XI. Cotton 258
XII. Other Plant Tissues and Stress Metabolites 259
XIII. Summary 261
References 262
Chapter 10. The Toxic Peptides of Amanita Species 268
I. Occurrence, Analysis, and Characterization of the Toxins 268
II. Chemistry of the Toxic Peptides 271
III. Toxicology of Amanita Toxins 284
References 297
Chapter 11. Mushroom Toxins Other than Amanita 300
I. Introduction 300
II. Protoplasmic Toxins 303
III. Toxins Causing Neurological Manifestations 307
IV. Gastrointestinal Irritants 327
V. Disulfiram-Like Action of Coprinus atramentarius (Bull ex Fr.) Fr 329
VI. Toxins with Antitumor Activity 330
VII. Miscellaneous Unidentified Factors 332
References 335
Chapter 12. Ergot 340
I. Introduction 340
II. Historical Background 341
III. Biology 342
IV. Constituents of Ergot 347
V. Production of Ergot Alkaloids 373
VI. Biological Activity 384
References 385
AUTHOR INDEX 394
SUBJECT INDEX 411