Perspectives in Basic and Applied Toxicology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Perspectives in Basic and Applied Toxicology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 12
Preface 6
Contributors 10
CHAPTER 1. BIOCHEMICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT OF NEUROTOXICITY 14
INTRODUCTION 14
BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS 15
METABOLIC PROCESSES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 23
BIOCHEMICAL CORRELATES OF NEUROPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES 28
SUMMARY 34
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35
REFERENCES 35
CHAPTER 2. CHEMICAL EXCITANTS OF CUTANEOUS PAIN 44
INTRODUCTION 44
CHEMICAL IRRITANTS AND INFLAMMATION 46
CHEMICAL IRRITANTS AND SOMATOSENSORY RECEPTORS 47
REFERENCES 53
CHAPTER 3. OTOTOXICITY: MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES 55
THE DRUGS INVOLVED 55
MICROANATOMY OF THE INNER EAR 56
METHODS OF STUDY 58
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 60
CLINICAL STUDIES 70
CONCLUSION 78
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 79
REFERENCES 79
CHAPTER 4. XENOBIOTIC-LNDUCED RHABDOMYOLYSIS 83
INTRODUCTION 83
GENERAL FEATURES OF RHABDOMYOLYSIS 84
RHABDOMYOLYSIS ASSOCIATED WITH XENOBIOTICS 105
THERAPEUTIC SUBSTANCES 107
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS 139
INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS 143
SUMMARY 150
REFERENCES 153
CHAPTER 5. DRUG-INDUCED OESOPHAGITIS 167
REFERENCES 172
CHAPTER 6. REVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE MICRONUCLEUS TEST SYSTEM 174
INTRODUCTION 174
BACKGROUND AND PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD 175
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SENSITIVITY OF THE TEST SYSTEM 178
DETERMINATION OF MICRONUCLEI IN CIRCULATING ERYTHROCYTES 191
TRANSPLACENTAL MICRONUCLEUS TEST 194
APPLICATION TO HUMAN MONITORING 199
APPLICATION OF THE MICRONUCLEUS TEST TO SCREENING POTENTIAL CARCINOGENS 201
MONITORING CHROMOSOMAL DAMAGE IN GERM CELLS 202
APPLICATION TO BIOLOGICAL DOSIMETRY 204
SUMMARY 206
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 206
REFERENCES 206
CHAPTER 7. CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF DOMINANT LETHAL MUTATIONS IN MAMMALS 212
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 213
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 213
USE OF THE DOMINANT LETHAL ASSAY 215
MODE OF ACTION 216
CHEMICAL EXAMPLE 216
REFERENCES 217
CHAPTER 8. DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY IN TOXICOLOGIC RESEARCH AND TESTING 219
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 219
GOVERNMENTAL TEST RULES AND GUIDELINES 225
INTERACTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 234
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 248
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 249
REFERENCES 250
CHAPTER 9. THE ROLE OF GENETIC DIFFERENCES AS A DETERMINANT IN XENOBIOTIC-INDUCED DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY 255
THE COMPLEXITY OF DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 255
GENETICS 258
CONCLUDING REMARKS 266
REFERENCES 266
CHAPTER 10. A SURVEY OF IN VITRO TERATOLOGY TESTS 269
INTRODUCTION 269
LIMITATIONS OF SHORT-TERM IN VITRO ASSAYS 271
ADVANTAGES OF IN VITRO TESTING 271
MAMMALIAN EMBRYO 271
INVERTEBRATE EMBRYOS 273
AQUATIC EMBRYOS 275
AVIAN EMBRYO 275
SUMMARY 278
REFERENCES 278
CHAPTER 11. CARCINOGENICITY TESTS IN ANIMALS: SOME PITFALLS THAT COULD BE AVOIDED 281
INTRODUCTION 281
EVALUATION OF RESULTS 282
DIET 283
VIRUSES 286
GENETIC FACTORS 287
HORMONES 288
THE ROLE OF TISSUE DAMAGE AND HYPERPLASIA IN THE PRODUCTION OF TUMOURS 290
CONCLUSION 293
REFERENCES 294
CHAPTER 12. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO THE DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT OF ANTIDOTAL PROCEDURES 298
ACUTE TOXICITY OF THE TOXICANT 298
CHOICE OF ANIMAL MODEL 300
TYPE OF THERAPY AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 304
THE ASSESSMENT OF EFFICACY OF ANTIDOTES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS 308
CONCLUSION 316
REFERENCES 316
CHAPTER 13. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ANIMAL STUDIES IN INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY 322
EARLY INDUSTRIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES 323
THE ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER AND ITS INTERACTION WITH EXPERIMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 324
SUMMARY 336
REFERENCES 336
CHAPTER 14. PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT AND COMMUNICATION OF CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE 343
SCOPE 343
TERMINOLOGY 347
CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN AND CONDUCT OF TOXICOLOGY STUDIES 348
APPLICATION OF TOXICOLOGY INFORMATION TO HAZARD EVALUATION 351
PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE STANDARDS 373
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 382
REFERENCES 387
INDEX 392