Visual Optics and the Optical Space Sense (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Visual Optics and the Optical Space Sense 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
List of Contributors 6
Foreword 8
THE EYE 16
Part I: Visual Optics 20
CHAPTER 1. Introduction 22
I. Branches of Optics 22
II. Basic Principles of Geometrical Optics 25
Bibliography 36
CHAPTER 2. Refraction at Plane and Spherical Surfaces 38
I. Refraction at a Single Surface 38
II. Refraction by a Parallel Plate 40
III. Refraction by a Prism 40
IV. Ophthalmic Prisms 42
V. Refraction at a Spherical Surface 46
CHAPTER 3. The Thin Spherical Lens in Air 54
I. Definitions 54
II. Lens Forms 55
III. Surface Powers: Thin Lens Power 55
IV. Conjugate Foci Relationships 56
V. Principal Foci and Focal Lengths 58
VI. Graphical Construction of Images 59
VII. Newton's Relation 62
VIII. Magnification Formulae 62
IX. Thin Lenses in Contact 63
X. Vision Through a Lens 64
XI. Prismatic Effect of Spherical Lenses 64
XII. Effective Power of a Lens 66
CHAPTER 4. Reflexion at Plane and Spherical Surfaces 68
I. Reflexion at a Plane Surface 68
II. Reflexion at a Spherical Surface 70
CHAPTER 5. Optical Systems in General 76
I. The Gaussian Theory 76
II. Equivalent Power 76
III. Principal Points and Planes 78
IV. Graphical Construction of Images 79
V. Conjugate Foci Relationships 81
VI. Vertex Powers and Focal Lengths 82
VII. Unequifocal Systems: the Nodal Points 83
VIII. Calculation of Equivalent Power 85
IX . The Thick Lens 88
XII. Lens-Mirror Systems 91
Reference 92
CHAPTER 6. The Astigmatic Lens 94
I. Introduction: The Cylindrical Surface 94
II. Piano- and Sphero-Cylinders 95
III. Ophthalmic Prescriptions 95
IV. Principal Meridians and Principal Powers 96
V. Transposition 96
VI. Image Formation: The Astigmatic Pencil 97
VII. The Toroidal Surface: Toric Lenses 98
VIII. Prismatic Effects of Astigmatic Lenses 100
IX. Astigmatic Lenses in Contact: Obliquely Crossed Cylinders 104
References 105
CHAPTER 7. Aberrations of Optical Images 106
I. Aberrations in General 106
II. Spherical Aberration 108
III. Coma 109
IV. Oblique Astigmatism 109
V. Curvature of the Image 111
VI. Distortion 113
VII. Chromatic Aberration 113
References 118
CHAPTER 8. The Eye as an Optical System 120
I. The Schematic Eye 120
II. The Purkinje Images 127
III. Dimensions of the Living Eye 133
IV. Aberrations of the Eye 145
References 150
CHAPTER 9. Ametropia and Its Correction 152
I. Spherical Ametropia 152
II. Ametropia in General 160
III. Aphakia 165
IV. Astigmatism 167
V. Accommodation 170
VI. Detection and Measurement of Ametropia and Astigmatism 174
VII. Methods of Correcting Ametropia 184
VIII. The Magnification Properties of Correcting Lenses 192
References 198
CHAPTER 10. Retinoscopy and Ophthalmoscopy 200
I. Retinoscopy 200
II. Ophthalmoscopy 212
References 226
PART II: The Optical Space Sense 228
CHAPTER 11. Introduction to the Optical Space Sense 230
I. Sensation and Perception 230
II. Stimulus 231
III. Three-Dimensional Perception 231
References 232
CHAPTER 12. Objective and Subjective Space 234
I. Actual and Perceived 234
Reference 236
CHAPTER 13. Spatial Localization According to Direction 238
I. Basic Concepts 238
II. The Blind Spot 240
III. Identical Visual Directions and Corresponding Retinal Points 241
IV. Discrepancies between Visual and Objective Direction 243
V. The Form Sense 250
VI. Comparative Discrimination of Lengths 252
VII. Visual Discrimination of the Vertical 254
VIII. Perception of Motion 258
References 262
CHAPTER 14. Perception of Distance and of Size 266
I. The Monocular Image—Perspective 266
II. Spatial Localization from the Monocular Image 269
III. Secondary Cues to Spatial Localization 270
IV. Ambiguous Depth Perception from Drawn Figures 287
References 287
CHAPTER 15. Spatial Localization Through Binocular Vision 290
I. Stereopsis 290
II. Aspects of Stereoscopic Vision Revealed in Studies of Stereoscopic Acuity 305
References 339
CHAPTER 16. The Problem of the Horopter 344
I. Introduction 344
II. Experimental Determination 347
III. Analytical Method of Describing Horopter Curves 351
IV. Evaluation of Methods 356
V. Apparent Fronto-Parallel Plane and Viewing Distance 362
References 366
CHAPTER 17. Special Topics in Binocular Spatial Localization 368
I. Apparent Distortion in Stereoscopic Perception of Space 369
II. The Induced Effect 379
lll. Colour Stereoscopy 387
IV. Validity of Stereoscopic Depth 389
V. Stereoscopy in the Monocular Fields of Peripheral Vision 392
VI. Panum's Limiting Case 393
VII. The Hoefer Effect 395
VIII. Binocular Secondary Spatial Cues 397
IX. Concomitant Roles of Secondary Depth Cues and Stereoscopic Depth Perception 401
X. Nature of Stereopsis 406
XI. A Metric for Binocular Visual Space 414
XII. Instrumentation 420
References 423
CHAPTER 18. Ocular Dominance and Binocular Retinal Rivalry 428
I. Ocular Dominance 428
II. Binocular Retinal Rivalry 435
References 436
AUTHOR INDEX 438
SUBJECT INDEX 442