Principles of Bone X-Ray Diagnosis (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Principles of Bone X-Ray Diagnosis 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface to the Third Edition 14
Preface to the Second Edition 14
Acknowledgements 16
Introduction 18
Definition of Terms 19
Chapter 1—Alterations in Bone Shape 22
ALTERATIONS IN LENGTH-BREADTH RELATIONSHIP 22
REGIONAL ALTERATIONS IN SHAPE 30
LOCAL BONY PROTUBERANCE 38
LOCAL BONE DEFICIENCY 40
COLLAPSE OF A SINGLE VERTEBRA 41
DEFORMITY FROM SOFTENING OF THE BONES 46
Chapter 2—Alterations in the Position of a Bone 48
CONGENITAL ELEVATION OF THE SCAPULAE 48
CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP 51
Chapter 3—Abnormalities in the Region of the Epiphyses 58
ALTERATION IN THE MATURITY OF THE EPIPHYSES 58
GENERALIZED ABNORMALITIES IN THE REGION OF THE EPIPHYSES 60
ABNORMALITY OF A SINGLE EPIPHYSEAL REGION 71
OSTEOCHONDRITIS OF THE PRIMARY CENTRE OF A VERTEBRAL BODY 77
Chapter 4—Increases in Bone Density 80
GENERALIZED INCREASE IN BONE DENSITY 80
SECONDARY DEPOSITS 85
INCREASE IN BONE DENSITY CONFINED TO METAPHYSEAL REGION 87
INCREASE IN DENSITY OF A SINGLE VERTEBRA 87
ISOLATED INCREASE IN BONE DENSITY IN A LIMB BONE, RIB OR PELVIS 91
ISOLATED INCREASE IN DENSITY IN THE SKULL OR FACIAL BONES 95
Chapter 5—New Bone and Calcification Outside the Cortex (Periosteal Shadow or Periostitis 99
POST-TRAUMATIC PERIOSTEAL SHADOW 99
NON-TRAUMATIC HAEMATOMA 101
STRESS, FATIGUE AND PSEUDO-FRACTURE 101
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS 104
BENIGN NEOPLASM 105
MALIGNANT NEOPLASM 105
VASCULAR DISORDERS 106
DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOSTEAL BONE THICKENING 108
Chapter 6—Widespread and Regional Reduction in Bone Density 109
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND TECHNIQUES 109
WIDESPREAD REDUCTION IN BONE DENSITY 112
COARSENED TRABECULAR PATTERN ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASE IN BONE DENSITY 127
PATCHY DECREASE IN BONE DENSITY 130
MULTIPLE SECONDARY DEPOSITS FROM A CARCINOMA 131
DECREASED BONE DENSITY IN ONE REGION OR GROUP OF BONES 134
Chapter 7—A Relatively Transradiant Area in a Bone 138
INTRODUCTION 138
WELL-DEMARCATED TRANSRADIANT AREA WITHIN A BONE 138
INFECTIVE CONDITIONS 155
WELL-DEMARCATED TRANSRADIANT AREA WITH CORTICAL THINNING AND GROSS BONE EXPANSION 158
WELL-DEMARCATED EROSION OF THE SURFACE OF A BONE 163
POORLY-DEMARCATED TRANSRADIANT AREA WITHIN THE BONE 168
POORLY-DEMARCATED EROSION OF THE SURFACE OF A BONE 173
A TRANSRADIANT AREA IN THE VAULT OF THE SKULL 175
Chapter 8—Combination of Shadows 179
PERIOSTEAL OPACITY AND EROSION 179
CYSTS AND INNOCENT TUMOURS 186
PERIOSTEAL SHADOW AND SCLEROSIS 193
DIAPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA (ENGELMANN) 193
PERIOSTEAL OPACITY WITH EROSION AND SCLEROSIS 195
Chapter 9—Alterations in the Bone Architecture 199
PAGET'S DISEASE 199
Chapter 10—Alterations in Joint Space (Arthritis) and Associated Bone Changes 203
INTRODUCTION 203
ARTHRITIS OF KNOWN CAUSE 204
ARTHRITIS OF UNKNOWN CAUSE 209
ARTHRITIS OF PARTLY-KNOWN ORIGIN 220
Chapter 11—Some Hints on X-ray Technique 227
PLAIN RADIOGRAPHS 227
TOMOGRAPHY 228
INJECTION OF SINUSES 231
AVOIDANCE OF EXCESSIVE RADIATION 231
Chapter 12—Bone in Unusual Sites and Calcifications in or Near a joint 233
BONE IN MUSCLES AND TENDONS 233
CALCIFICATIONS IN STRUCTURES IN OR NEAR A JOINT 235
Appendix—Additional Tables 240
Reference 244
Index 246