Genetic Variation Among Influenza Viruses (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Genetic Variation among Influenza Viruses 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
CONTRIBUTORS 12
PREFACE 20
CHAPTER 1. INFLUENZA VIRAL GENETICS AND THE FUTURE 24
ABSTRACT 24
INTRODUCTION 24
References 35
CHAPTER 2. DRIFT AND SHIFT OF INFLUENZA VIRUS STUDIED AT THE GENOMIC LEVEL 40
I. ABSTRACT 40
II. INTRODUCTION 41
III. THE H3 INFLUENZA HEMAGGLUTININS: DRIFT 42
IV. A COMPARISON WITH OTHER HEMAGGLUTININS: SHIFT 46
V. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE HUMAN H3 SUBTYPE 47
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 49
REFERENCES 49
CHAPTER 3. CONSERVATION AND VARIATION IN INFLUENZA GENE SEQUENCES 52
ABSTRACT 52
I. INTRODUCTION 53
II. RESULTS 54
III. DISCUSSION 64
REFERENCES 66
CHAPTER 4. SEQUENCE VARIATION AT THE 3' ENDS OF NEURAMINIDASE GENE SEGMENTS WITHIN AND AMONG THE DIFFERENT NA SUBTYPES 68
I. ABSTRACT 68
II. INTRODUCTION 68
IV. RESULTS 69
V. DISCUSSION 74
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 77
VII. REFERENCES 77
CHAPTER 5. INFLUENZA VIRUS A/PR/8/34 GENES: SEQUENCING BY A SHOTGUN APPROACH 78
ABSTRACT 78
INTRODUCTION 78
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 80
REFERENCES 86
CHAPTER 6. THE HAEMAGGLUTININ GENE OF INFLUENZA A/PR/8/34 88
ABSTRACT 88
INTRODUCTICN 89
METHODS 89
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 91
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 97
REFERENCES 97
CHAPTER 7. DEFECTIVE INTERFERING INFLUENZA. VIRUSES: COMPLETE SEQUENCE OF A DI RNA 100
ABSTRACT 100
INTRODUCTION 101
REFERENCES 114
CHAPTER 8. THE INITIATION OF INFLUENZA VIRAL RNA TRANSCRIPTION BY CAPPED RNA PRIMERS 116
I. ABSTRACT 116
II. INTRODUCTION 117
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 118
IV. DISCUSSION 129
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 134
REFERENCES 134
CHAPTER 9. INFLUENZA VIRUS-SPECIFIC PROTEINS REGULATING GENOME TRANSCRIPTION 136
I. INTRODUCTION 136
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 138
III. RESULTS 138
IV. DISCUSSION 144
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 147
REFERENCES 147
CHAPTER 10. GENOME DIVERSITY AMONG INFLUENZA A, B AND C VIRUSES AND GENETIC STRUCTURE OF RNA 7 AND RNA 8 OF INFLUENZA A VIRUSES 150
INTRODUCTION 151
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 152
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 162
REFERENCES 162
CHAPTER 11. MULTIPLE mRNAs AND CODING REGIONS DERIVED FROM INDIVIDUAL INFLUENZA A AND B VIRUS RNA SEGMENTS 164
I. THE SEQUENCE AND ARRANGEMENT OF mRNAs CODING FOR THE TWO OVERLAPPING NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS 164
II. INFLUENZA B VIRUS RNA SEGMENT 8 CODES FOR TWO NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS AND MORE THAN ONE mRNA MAY BE DERIVED FROM SEGMENT 7 168
III. MESSENGER RNAs AND PROTEINS DERIVED FROM INFLUENZA A VIRUS RNA SEGMENT 7 172
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 179
REFERENCES 179
CHAPTER 12. STRUCTURE OF THE HEMAGGLUTININ GENE OF HON1 STRAIN OF HUMAN INFLUENZA VIRUS AND ITS EXPRESSION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI 182
ABSTRACT 182
INTRODUCTION 183
DISCUSSION 188
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 189
REFERENCES 189
CHAPTER 13. NONVIRAL SEQUENCES IN COMPLETE INFLUENZA VIRAL DNA CLONES AND FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION OF CLONED DNA CODING FOR THE HEMAGGLUTININ 192
SUMMARY 192
INTRODUCTION 193
MATERIALS AND METHODS 194
DISCUSSION 201
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 202
LITERATURE CITED 202
CHAPTER 14. EXPRESSION OF THE INFLUENZA HEMAGGLUTININ USING SIMIAN VIRUS 40 VECTORS 204
ABSTRACT 204
INTRODUCTION 204
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 205
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 213
REFERENCES 213
CHAPTER 15. PROCESSING OF THE HEMAGGLUTININ 216
SUMMARY 216
I. INTRODUCTION 217
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 219
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 220
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 232
REFERENCES 232
CHAPTER 16. DIRECTIONAL TRANSPORT OF VIRAL GLYCOPROTEINS IN POLARIZED EPITHELIAL CELLS 236
ABSTRACT 236
INTRODUCTION 237
MATERIALS AND METHODS 238
RESULTS 238
DISCUSSION 248
REFERENCES 253
CHAPTER 17. ANTIGENIC CARBOHYDRATE DETERMINANTS ON INFLUENZA HEMAGGLUTININ 256
I. ABSTRACT 256
II. INTRODUCTION 256
IV. RESULTS 259
V. DISCUSSION 270
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 273
VII. REFERENCES 274
CHAPTER 18. VARIATION OF GLYCOSYLATION SITES IN H1N1 STRAINS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS 276
ABSTRACT 276
INTRODUCTION 276
MATERIALS AND METHODS 277
RESULTS 278
DISCUSSION 283
REFERENCES 285
CHAPTER 19. STRUCTURE OF THE SPIKE GLYCOPROTEIN OF INFLUENZA C VIRUS 286
ABSTRACT 286
INTRODUCTION 287
MATERIALS AND METHODS 287
RESULTS 288
DISCUSSION 293
REFERENCES 294
Chapter 20. Post-translational Modification of Influenza Virus-induced Proteins During Productive and Abortive Infections 296
I. ABSTRACT 296
II. INTRODUCTION 297
III. METHODS 297
IV. RESULTS 298
V. DISCUSSION 304
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 304
VII. REFERENCES 304
CHAPTER 21. STRUCTURE AND VARIATION OF ANTIGENIC SITES ON INFLUENZA VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ 306
I. ABSTRACT 306
II. INTRODUCTION 308
III. RESULTS 309
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 317
V. REFERENCES 317
CHAPTER 22. THE ANTIGENIC TOPOLOGY OF THE HEMAGGLUTININ MOLECULE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS A/PR/8/34 320
I. ABSTRACT 320
II. INTRODUCTION 321
III. RESULTS 323
IV. DISCUSSION 327
REFERENCES 329
CHAPTER 22. ANTIGENIC DRIFT IN INFLUENZA VIRUSES AND ASSOCIATION OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY WITH THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HEMAGGLUTININ MOLECULE 332
I. ABSTRACT 332
II. INTRODUCTION 333
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 335
IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 344
V. REFERENCES 345
CHAPTER 23. THE HONG KONG HEMAGGLUTININ. STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE HUMAN (H3) HEMAGGLUTININS AND THE HEMAGGLUTININ FROM THE PUTATIVE PROGENITOR STRAIN A/DUCK/UKRAINE/1/63 (HAV7) 346
ABSTRACT 346
I. INTRODUCTION 347
II. METHODS 349
III. RESULTS 349
IV. DISCUSSION 357
V. REFERENCES 361
CHAPTER 24. THE EXTENT OF HAEMAGGLUTININ VARIATION DURING ANTIGENIC DRIFT IN THE HONG KONG SUBTYPE OF INFLUENZA FROM 1968 TO 1979 364
ABSTRACT 364
INTRODUCTION 364
MATERIALS AND METHODS 365
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 366
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 374
REFERENCES 375
CHAPTER 25. IMMUNOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF INFLUENZA VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ AND ITS FRAGMENTS 378
ABSTRACT 378
METHODS 379
RESULTS 380
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 394
REFERENCES 394
CHAPTER 26. ANTIGENIC CHARACTERIZATION OF.INFLUENZA A VIRUS NUCLEOPROTEIN 396
ABSTRACT 397
INTRODUCTION 397
METHODS 398
RESULTS 399
DISCUSSION 404
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 407
REFERENCES 407
CHAPTER 27. GENES INVOLVED IN THE VIRULENCE OF AN AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUS 410
ABSTRACT 410
INTRODUCTION 411
METHODS 412
RESULTS 414
DISCUSSION 418
REFERENCES 419
CHAPTER 28. SUPPRESSOR RECOMBINANTS AND SUPPRESSOR MUTANTS 422
ABSTRACT 422
INTRODUCTION 423
METHODS 423
RESULTS 424
DISCUSSION 434
REFERENCES 436
CHAPTER 29. DIFFERENT SIALYLOLIGOSACCHARIDE RECEPTOR DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICALLY RELATED INFLUENZA VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININS 438
ABSTRACT 438
INTRODUCTION 439
METHODS 439
RESULTS 440
DISCUSSION 442
REFERENCES 443
Chapter 29. Characterization of Influenza Virus Receptors on Host Cells 446
ABSTRACT 446
I. INTRODUCTION 447
II. RESULTS 448
III. DISCUSSION 460
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 461
REFERENCES 462
CHAPTER 30. HOST DEFENSE AGAINST INFLUENZA 464
PREVENTION OF URT INFLUENZA INFECTION 465
PREVENTION OF VIRAL PNEUMONIA 466
RECOVERY FROM INFLUENZA INFECTION 467
DISCUSSION 469
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 470
REFERENCES 470
CHAPTER 31. Ir GENE CONTROL OF THE CYTOLYTIC T CELL RESPONSE TO INFLUENZA VIRUS 472
I. ABSTRACT 472
II. INTRODUCTION 473
III. METHODS 473
IV. RESULTS 475
V. DISCUSSION 477
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 481
REFERENCES 482
CHAPTER 32. CHARACTERIZATION OF AN INFLUENZA VIRUS-RESISTANT MDBK CELL VARIANT 484
I. ABSTRACT 484
II. INTRODUCTION 485
III. RESULTS 485
IV. DISCUSSION 492
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 495
REFERENCES 495
CHAPTER 33. NEUTRALIZATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS BY ANTIBODY: ATTACHMENT, UPTAKE AND UNCOATING OF NEUTRALIZED VIRUS IN CHICK EMBRYO CELLS 496
ABSTRACT 496
I. INTRODUCTION 496
II. RESULTS 498
III. DISCUSSION 501
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 502
REFERENCES 502
CHAPTER 34. HUMAN ADAPTATION TO INFLUENZA VIRAL EVOLUTION 504
INTRODUCTION 504
REFERENCES 511
CHAPTER 35. NATURAL AND UNNATURAL VARIATION IN INFLUENZA A(H1N1) VIRUSES SINCE 1977 512
ABSTRACT 512
INTRODUCTION 513
RESULTS 515
DISCUSSION 526
References 526
CHAPTER 36. HETEROGENEITY OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES ISOLATED FROM THE HOUSTON COMMUNITY DURING DEFINED EPIDEMIC PERIODS 528
INTRODUCTION 529
RESULTS 530
DISCUSSION 535
REFERENCES 536
CHAPTER 37. BIOLOGIC AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AN INFLUENZA A VIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIZOOTIC PNEUMONIA IN SEALS 538
I. ABSTRACT 538
II. INTRODUCTION 539
III. RESULTS 539
IV. DISCUSSION 542
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 546
VI. REFERENCES 546
CHAPTER 37. INFLUENZA IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS AFTER 30 YEARS' EXPERIENCE 548
ABSTRACT 548
REFERENCES 556
CHAPTER 38. THE BASIS FOR IMMUNITY TO INFLUENZA IN MAN" 558
I. ABSTRACT 558
II. INTRODUCTION 559
III. RESULTS 559
IV. DISCUSSION 567
REFERENCES 568
CHAPTER 39. THE SPECIFICITY OF T CELLS FOR INFLUENZA VIRUS HEMAGGLUTININ 570
ABSTRACT 570
INTRODUCTION 571
METHODS 571
RESULTS 575
DISCUSSION 583
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 586
REFERENCES 586
CHAPTER 40. IMMUNE RESPONSES TO INFLUENZA VIRUS IN GUINEA PIGS, MICE AND HAMSTERS 590
ABSTRACT 590
INTRODUCTION 591
RESULTS 591
DISCUSSION 597
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 599
BIBLIOGRAPHY 599
Chapter 41. Recovery from a Viral Respiratory Tract Infection: III. Specificity of Protection Conferred by Immune Spleen Cells Stimulated In Vitro 600
ABSTRACT 600
INTRODUCTION 601
RESULTS 602
DISCUSSION 607
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 608
REFERENCES 608
CHAPTER 42. AN INFLUENZA IMMUNOSOME: ITS STRUCTURE AND ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES. A MODEL FOR A NEW TYPE OF VACCINE 610
1. ABSTRACT 610
2. INTRODUCTION 611
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 612
4. RESULTS 613
5. DISCUSSION 621
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 622
REFERENCES 622
CHAPTER 43. GENETIC APPROACHES TO THE PREVENTION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS INFECTION 624
Host Range Restriction 624
Cold-Adapted Mutants 628
Temperature-Sensitive Mutants 633
Strategy for Producing More Stable, Defined Mutations in Influenza Virus 635
REFERENCES 636
CHAPTER 44. DEVELOPMENT OF COLD RECOMBINANTS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS AS LIVE VIRUS VACCINES 640
ABSTRACT 640
INTRODUCTION 641
RESULTS 641
CONCLUSION 658
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 659
REFERENCES 659
CHAPTER 45. GENETIC AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE A/ANN ARBOR/6/60 COLD-ADAPTED MUTANT 662
ABSTRACT 662
INTRODUCTION 663
RESULTS 663
DISCUSSION 672
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 674
REFERENCES 674
CHAPTER 46. ANTI-INFLUENZA HEMAGGLUTININ RESPONSE INDUCED WITH SYNTHETIC ANTIGEN 676
REFERENCES 685
CHAPTER 47. POEMS 686
OWED TO THE PERIPATETIC VIROLOGISTS 686
A RONDELAY (WITHOUT CADENZA) BY THE VIRION OF INFLUENZA 687
INDEX 690