Human Ecology and Infectious Diseases (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Human Ecology and Infectious Diseases 4
Copyright Page 
5 
Table of Contents 8
In Memoriam 6
Contributors 14
Preface 16
Chapter 1. Human Behavior, Parasites, and Infectious Diseases 18
I. Introduction 18
II. The Measurement of Individual Behavioral Actions as Risk Factors of Infection 21
III. Overdispersion of Helminths as a 
 
24 
IV. The Distribution of Helmintlis in Communities and Its Association with Socioagricultural Practices 27
V. Culture, Attitudes, and Human Behavior 29
VI. Complexity, Diversity, and Sociocultural Integration 31
Acknowledgments 34
References 34
Chapter 2. Human Behavior and Parasitic Zoonoses in North America 38
I. Introduction 38
II. Trichinosis 40
III. Cystic Hydatid Disease (Echinococcosis) 46
IV. Alveolar Hydatid Disease 53
V. Toxocariasis 56
References 62
Chapter 3. Human Behavior and Zoonotic Diseases in Malaysia 66
I. Introduction 66
II. Some Important Zoonotic Diseases 67
III. Summary 86
References 87
Chapter 4. Filariasis in Southeast Asia 90
I. Introduction 91
II. History 91
III. Morphology (Faust et al., 1976 Anderson et al., 1976)
IV. Vectors 95
V. Important Mosquito Vectors and Their Relationship to Human Ecology 98
VI. Life Cycles 104
VII. Periodicity 105
VIII. Clinical Stages 105
IX. Epidemiology 106
X. Laboratory Diagnosis 108
XI. Distribution in Southeast Asia 110
XII. Conclusions 115
References 117
Chapter 5. Intestinal Capillariasis in the Philippines and Thailand 120
I. Introduction 121
II. History 121
III. Distribution and Prevalence 125
IV. Climate 129
V, Parasite 131
VI. Experimental Life Cycle 132
VII. Disease 137
VIII. Pathology 137
IX. Diagnosis 139
X. Treatment 140
XI. Transmission 141
XII. Occupation and Habits 145
XIII. Sanitation 148
XIV. Comments 149
Acknowledgment 151
References 152
Chapter 6. Changing Patterns of Parasitic Infections in Japan 154
I. Introduction 154
II. Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases: Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, and Whipworm Infections 157
III. Endemic Helminthic Infections 163
IV. Parasitic Infections through Marine and Anadromous Fishes 172
V. other Helminthic Infections 174
VI. Protozoan Diseases 177
VII. Conclusion 179
References 180
Chapter 7. Parasite Control Activities in Japan: Govemment-Expert-Private Sector Partnership 186
I. Introduction 186
II. Tokyo Parasite Control Association 188
III. Government Attitude 189
IV. Establishment of Japan Association of Parasite Control 190
V. Government Policy and Programs 196
VI. Factors Contributing to the Decrease in Parasitic Infections 197
VII. Preventive Medicine 198
VIII. International Cooperation in Parasite Control 199
IX. Conclusion 201
References 201
Chapter 8. Human Ecology and the Distribution and Abundance of Hookworm Populations 204
I. Introduction and General Ecological Background 205
II. The Ecology of Interacting Human and 
 
212 
III. Implications for Control 234
IV. Relevance for Socioeconomic Development 236
References 237
Chapter 9. The Human Environment and Helminth Infections: A Biomedical Study of Four Nigerian Villages 242
I. Introduction 243
II. The Communities 244
III. Description of Village Sanitation 247
IV. Endemic Helminth Infections 249
V. Socioeconomic and Behavioral Factors and Intensity of Infections 254
VI. strategies for Control of Helminthiases in Rural Nigeria 259
VII. Conclusion 263
References 266
Chapter 10. The Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection to Man and Its Control 270
I. Introduction 270
II. Transmission to Man without the Insect Vector 271
III. Transmission to Man by the Insect Vector 273
IV. Transmission Cycles Involving Bugs and Animals and Their Relevance to Man 277
V. Behavior of Domestic Bug Populations 279
VI. Human Ecology and Trypanosoma cruzi Transmission 284
VII. Control of Domestic Transmission 289
VIII. A Concluding Perspective 296
Acknowledgment 297
References 297
Chapter 11. Paleoparasitology: On the Origins and Impact of Human-Helminth Relationships 308
I. Introduction 308
II. Sources and Limitations of Evidence 313
III. General Consideration of the Evolution 
314 
IV. Heirlooms and Souvenirs: A Probable 
 
 
317 
V. Human Inventions and Interventions in the Adaptive Evolution of Helminth Parasites 325
References 326
Chapter 12. Brucellosis in Nigeria: Epidemiology and Practical Problems of Control 332
I. Introduction 332
II. Description of Nigeria and Information on Livestock Activities 335
III. Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Nigeria 338
IV. Prevention and Control of Brucellosis In Nigeria 345
References 347
Chapter 13. Epidemiological Patterns in Directly Transmitted Human Infections 350
I. Introduction 350
II. Theoretical Background 351
III. Childhood Viral and Bacterial Diseases 355
IV. Implications for Control 366
V. Discussion 368
Acknowledgment 369
References 369
Index 372