Thyroid Hormones (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Thyroid Hormones 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Introduction 12
Acknowledgements 7
CHAPTER 1. CHEMISTRY OF THYROXINE 16
ISOLATION OF THYROXINE 16
CONSTITUTION OF DESIODOTHYROXINE 18
CONSTITUTION OF THYROXINE 21
CHAPTER 2. THE IODINATED COMPOUNDS OF THE THYROID GLAND 27
DIIODOTYROSINE 27
MONOIODOTYROSINE 28
TRIIODOTHYRONINE 29
OTHER IODINATED THYRONINES 31
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE IODOTHYRONINES 31
OTHER IODINATED AMINO ACIDS 34
CHAPTER 3. BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE THYROID HORMONES 35
(I) Formation of thyroxine from diiodotyrosine in vitro 36
(II) Biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones in vivo studied with radioactive iodine 37
(III) Factors that influence thyroid function 41
(IV) The iodide-concentrating mechanism of the thyroid 52
(V) Organic binding of iodine in the thyroid, as influenced by the anterior pituitary 55
(VI) Iodine metabolism in the developing thyroid gland 56
(VII) Rate of secretion of the thyroid hormone into the circulation 58
CHAPTER 4. TRANSPORT OF THE THYROID HORMONE 61
(I) The circulating thyroid hormone 61
(II) The binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins: thyroxine binding protein 62
(III) Thyroxine-binding by other serum protein, extravascular fluiss and tissue proteins 71
(IV) Physiological significance of thyroxine-binding 73
(V) Methods used in the study of binding proteins 76
CHAPTER 5. PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF THYROID HORMONES 78
(I) Calorigenic action and thermoregulation 79
(II) Growth, maturation and differentiation 85
(III) Effect on water and electrolyte metabolism 93
(IV) Effect on nitrogen and lipid metabolism 95
(V) Effect on the central nervous system 100
(VI) Effect on lactation 104
VII) Effect on the cardiovascular system and blood 107
(VIII) Other actions of the thyroid hormones 108
(IX) The latent period of action of thyroid hormones 109
(X) Chemical structure and biological activity of substances related to thyroid hormones 111
CHAPTER 6. SOME CURRENT CONCEPTS OF THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THYROID HORMONES 118
(I) Earlier theories 119
(II) Current hypotheses 120
CHAPTER 7. EXTRATHYROIDAL DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLISM OF IODINE 143
(I) Extrathyroidal distribution and metabolism of iodide 143
(II) Distribution and metabolism of thyroid hormones 147
CHAPTER 8. BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS OF THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM 169
(I) Deiodination 169
(II) Phenolic oxidation and hydroxylation 175
(III) Conjugation of the phenolic group 177
(IV) Rupture of the diphenyl ether linkage 179
(V) Oxidative deamination of the iodothyronines 179
(VI) Decarboxylation 181
CHAPTER 9. DISEASES OF THE THYROID 182
(I) NON-TOXIC Goitre 182
(II) Spontaneous myxoedema and lymphadenoid goitre 191
(III) Graves' disease 195
(IV) Thyroid cancer 205
APPENDIX 208
(I) Assay methods 208
(II) Some physical properties of thyroid hormones and related compounds 210
(Ill) Purification of thyroglobulin 212
REFERENCES 214
INDEX 260