Calcitonin (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Calcitonin 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
President 6
Acknowledgements 7
Introduction 8
List of Authors 9
Chapter 1. Calcitonin: An Introductory Review 16
THE EXISTENCE OF CALCITONIN 16
THE SOURCE OF CALCITONIN 18
PURIFICATION 20
THE MODE OF ACTION OF CALCITONIN 20
STUDIES IN MAN 21
SUMMARY 21
REFERENCES 22
PART 1: BIOASSAY 23
Chapter 2. Bioassay Session: Introduction 23
Chapter 3. Enhancement of Hypocalcemic Activity of Thyrocalcitonin by Inorganic Phosphate 26
INTRODUCTION 26
BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF THYROCALCITONIN 26
DIETARY REGIMEN 27
PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION OF PHOSPHATE 28
POSSIBLE USE OF PHOSPHATE IN A ROUTINE BIOASSAY PROCEDURE 
29 
MODE OF ACTION OF PHOSPHATE 30
SPECIFICITY OF PHOSPHATE 31
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 31
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 32
REFERENCES 32
Chapter 4. A New Bioassay for Calcitonin and Effect of Age and Dietary Ca on the Response 
33 
INTRODUCTION 33
METHODS 33
RESULTS 34
DISCUSSION 38
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 39
REFERENCES 39
Chapter 5. Age and Sex as Factors in the Response to Thyrocalcitonin 40
INTRODUCTION 40
MATERIALS AND METHODS 40
RESULTS 41
DISCUSSION 45
REFERENCES 46
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 46
Chapter 6. The Assay of Human Thyrocalcitonin in Mice 
47 
INTRODUCTION 47
MATERIALS AND METHODS 47
RESULTS 48
DISCUSSION 50
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 50
REFERENCES 50
Chapter 7. Effects of Added Protein on Apparent Potency of Thyrocalcitonin 
51 
SUMMARY 56
Chapter 8. Report on Collaborative Bioassay of Four Preparations of Porcine Thyrocal citonin in Seven Laboratories 
57 
PARTICIPANTS 57
NOTE ADDED IN PRESS 64
REFERENCES 65
PART 2: PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES 66
Chapter 9. The Purification of Calcitonin 66
1. EXTRACTION OF ACETONE-DRIED THYROID 66
2. PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY 67
3. GEL FILTRATION 69
SUMMARY 71
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 71
REFERENCES 71
Chapter 10. Studies on the Purification of Alpha and Beta Thyrocalcitonin 72
Chapter 11. Purification and Chemical Properties of Porcine Thyrocalcitonin 78
CONCLUSIONS 86
REFERENCES 88
Chapter 12. Thyrocalcitonin: Isolation and Chemical Properties 89
REFERENCES 91
Chapter 13. Purification and Chemical Studies of Thyrocalcitonin 92
PURIFICATION STUDIES 92
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL STUDIES 103
REFERENCES 104
Chapter 14. Effects of Endopeptidases, Heat and Oxidizing Agents on the Hypocalcemic Activity of Porcine Thyrocalcitonin 
105 
INTRODUCTION 105
MATERIALS AND METHODS 105
RESULTS 107
DISCUSSION 111
SUMMARY 111
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 112
REFERENCES 112
PART 3: CYTOCHEMISTRY AND EMBRYOLOGY OF THE C CELL 113
Chapter 15. The Thyroid Parenchymatous Cells of Baber, and the Nature and Function of their C Cell successors in Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Ultimobranchial bodies 113
INTRODUCTION 113
THE PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS 114
NOMENCLATURE 116
CYTOCHEMISTRY OF THYROID C CELLS 117
CYTOCHEMISTRY OF PARATHYROID C CELLS 119
CYTOCHEMISTRY OF ULTIMOBRANCHIAL C CELLS 121
THE FUNCTION OF THE C CELLS 122
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 122
REFERENCES 122
Chapter 16. Indole Metabolism in Thyroid C Cells of the Mouse: Effects of Thyrocalcitonin and Thiouracil 125
MATERIAL AND METHODS 126
RESULTS 128
DISCUSSION 132
SUMMARY 134
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 134
REFERENCES 135
Chapter 17. Cytochemical Evidence for the Ultimobranchial Origin of the C Cells in Rodent Thyroid 137
INTRODUCTION 137
CYTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMICAL EMBRYOLOGY 137
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 140
REFERENCES 140
Chapter 18. New Methods for Staining Secretory Granules and 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Thyroid C Cells 142
SUMMARY 146
REFERENCES 146
Chapter 19. Immunofluorescence Studies on the Source of Calcitonin, and the Effect of Immunization with Calcitonin on theThyroid Gland of the Guinea-pig 148
INTRODUCTION 148
MATERIAL AND METHODS (IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE) 148
RESULTS (IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE) 150
IMMUNE RESPONSES TO CALCITONIN IN THE GUINEA-PIG THYROID 152
RESULTS 152
FURTHER CONTROLS 155
FURTHER RESULTS 156
DISCUSSION 156
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 156
REFERENCES 157
Chapter 20. Histopathological investigation on C Cells 
158 
SUMMARY 165
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 165
REFERENCES 165
PART 4: ULTRASTRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF THE C CELLS 167
Chapter 21. Ultrastructure of the Parafollicular Cells 167
MORPHOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 168
DEVELOPMENT 174
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS 175
CONCLUSIONS 177
SUMMARY 179
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 179
REFERENCES 179
Chapter 22. The Fine Structural Localization of Acetylcholinesterase in Rabbit Thyroid C Cells and the Effect of Uptake of 5-Hydroxytryptophan or Dihydroxyphenylalanine on their morphology 182
INTRODUCTION 182
ELECTRON CYTOCHEMISTRY OF CHOLINESTERASES 183
THE EFFECT OF AMINE-PRECURSORS ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE C CELL 188
ELECTRON RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF TRITIATED 5-HTP 193
CONCLUSION 193
REFERENCES 194
Chapter 23. Bovine Parturient Paresis and Hypocalcemia 195
MATERIALS AND METHODS 196
RESULTS 197
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY 200
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 204
REFERENCES 205
Chapter 24. The Influence of Hypophysectomy and Low Phosphate Diet on the Light or C Cells in the Rat 207
INTRODUCTION 207
MATERIALS AND METHODS 207
OBSERVATIONS 208
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 215
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 216
REFERENCES 216
Chapter 25. Observations on the Dense Granules in Bat Thyroid Parafollicular Cells 218
INTRODUCTION 218
MATERIALS AND METHODS 218
OBSERVATIONS 220
DISCUSSION 227
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 228
REFERENCES 228
PART 5: BONE CULTURE 230
Chapter 26. Inhibition of Bone Resorption in Tissue Culture by Thyrocalcitonin 
230 
DISCUSSION 236
REFERENCES 237
Chapter 27. Bone Resorption in Vitro and its Inhibition by Calcitonin 238
METHODS 238
RESULTS 239
CONCLUSIONS 243
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 243
REFERENCES 244
Chapter 28. Thyrocalcitonin Inhibition of Bone Resorption in Tissue Culture 245
METHOD 245
RESULTS 246
CONCLUSION 251
REFERENCES 251
Chapter 29. Bone Culture Studies WITH Thyrocalcitonin 253
INTRODUCTION 253
MATERIALS AND METHODS 253
RESULTS 256
SUMMARY 259
REFERENCES 259
PART 6: PHYSIOLOGY 261
Chapter 30. General Review of Research onThyrocalcitonin and Some New Developments 
261 
REFERENCES 269
Chapter 31. The Effect of Thyrocalcitonin on Isolated Perfused Bone 271
CONCLUSION 275
REFERENCES 275
Chapter 32. Relation of Endogenous Thyrocalcitonin Secretion to Plasma Calcium Levels 276
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 282
REFERENCES 282
Chapter 33. Calcium Homeostasis: Relative Importance of Parathyroid Hormone and Thyrocalcitonin 283
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 290
REFERENCES 290
Chapter 34. Interaction of Thyrocalcitonin and Vitamin D on Bone Resorption 
291 
REFERENCES 296
Chapter 35. Effect of Calcium Intake Levels on the Response to Exogenous Rat Thyrocalcitonin 
297 
MATERIAL AND METHODS 297
RESULTS 299
DISCUSSION 301
SUMMARY 303
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 303
REFERENCES 304
Chapter 36. The Effect of Exogenous and EndogenousThyrocaleitonin on Phosphaturia 305
MATERIALS AND METHODS 305
RESULTS 306
DISCUSSION 309
SUMMARY 310
REFERENCES 310
Chapter 37. The Renal Effects of Thyrocalcitonin in the Pig and Dog 
312 
METHODS 312
RESULTS 313
DISCUSSION 318
SUMMARY 319
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 319
REFERENCES 319
Chapter 38. Calcitonin—Ultimobranchial Hormone 
321 
INTRODUCTION 321
HISTORY 321
ULTIMOBRANCHIAL ORIGIN OF CALCITONIN 326
METHODS 327
RESULTS 329
FURTHER PURIFICATION 331
CALCITONIN OR THYROCALCITONIN 332
HOMEOSTATIC FUNCTION OF CALCITONIN 333
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 334
ADDENDUM 335
REFERENCES 335
PART 7: CHRONIC EFFECTS OF DEFICIENCY AND EXCESS OF CALCITONIN 337
Chapter 39. Chronic Calcitonin Deficiency 337
PRODUCTION OF CHRONIC CALCITONIN DEFICIENCY 
337 
CHANGES IN PLASMA Ca HOMEOSTASIS IN CALCITONIN DEFICIENCY 
338 
MECHANISM OF CALCITONIN MEDIATED Ca TOLERANCE 
339 
CHANGES IN BONE GROWTH IN CHRONIC CALCITONIN DEFICIENCY 342
CONCLUSIONS 343
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 343
REFERENCES 343
Chapter 40. Radiological Bone Changes Produced by Calcitonin 344
EFFECTS OF CALCITONIN IN INTACT RATS 344
EFFECTS OF CALCITONIN ON PARATHYROIDECTOMIZED RATS 345
EFFECT OF CALCITONIN ON GROWTH IN BONE LENGTH 350
DISCUSSION 350
SUMMARY 351
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 351
REFERENCES 351
Chapter 41. Histological Bone Changes Produced by Calcitonin 353
METAPHYSEAL BONE 353
DISCUSSION 360
SUMMARY 360
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 360
REFERENCES 361
PART 8: STUDIES IN MAN 362
Chapter 42. Studies on the Mode of Action and the Therapeutic Use of Thyrocalcitonin 362
I. THEORETICAL EVALUATION OF THE HYPOCALCEMICEFFECT OF THYROCALCITONIN 363
II. APPLICATION TO THE EFFECT OF AGE, HYPOPHYSECTOMYAND THYROPARATHYROIDECTOMY IN THE RAT 364
III. APPLICATION TO MAN: THE EFFECT OF AGE ANDOF PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 372
CONCLUSIONS 374
REFERENCES 375
Chapter 43. The Response of Athyroidal Patients to Calcium Infusion:1 Evidence for an Action of Thyrocalcitonin 376
INTRODUCTION 376
PATIENTS AND METHODS 376
RESULTS 377
DISCUSSION 377
CONCLUSION 378
REFERENCES 378
Chapter 44. Long-Term Observation of the Effect of Thyroidectomy in Patients with Elevated Thyroid Thyrocalcitonin Content 379
CASE REPORTS 379
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 382
REFERENCES 387
Chapter 45. Pharmacologie and Toxicologie Effects of Porcine Thyrocalcitonin in Animals1 388
INTRODUCTION 388
EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 388
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 393
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 393
REFERENCES 393
Chapter 46. Calcitonin: Studies in Man 394
ACUTE EFFECTS OF CALCITONIN 394
ASSESSMENT OF ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION 395
EFFECTS OF ADMINISTRATION FOR 3 DAYS 396
CALCITONIN IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROSIS 397
SUMMARY 399
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 399
REFERENCES 399
Chapter 47. Estimation of Biologie Potency of Porcine Thyrocalcitonin in Man: A Preliminary Report 400
MATERIALS AND METHODS 400
RESULTS 401
DISCUSSION 403
SUMMARY 404
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 404
REFERENCES 404
Membership List 406