Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics

By Robert M. Kliegman, MD, Professor and Chair Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Bonita M.D. Stanton, MD, Vice-Dean of Research, Professor of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan

Joseph St. Geme, MD, Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Physician-in-Chief, Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Endowed Chair in Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Nina F Schor, MD, PhD, William H. Eilinger Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Professor, Department of Neurology, Pediatrician-in-Chief, Golisano Children’s Hospital, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York

VOLUME 1PART IThe Field of Pediatrics1 OVERVIEW OF PEDIATRICS2 QUALITY AND SAFETY IN HEALTHCARE FOR CHILDREN3 ETHICS IN PEDIATRIC CARE4 CULTURAL ISSUES IN PEDIATRIC CARE5 MAXIMIZING CHILDREN?S HEALTH: ?SCREENING, ANTICIPATORY GUIDANCE, AND COUNSELINGPART IIGrowth, Development, and Behavior6 OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF ?VARIABILITY7 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: DOMAINS AND THEORIES8 ASSESSMENT OF FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT9 THE NEWBORN10 THE FIRST YEAR11 THE SECOND YEAR12 THE PRESCHOOL YEARS13 MIDDLE CHILDHOOD14 ADOLESCENCE15 ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH16 DEVELOPMENTAL-BEHAVIORAL SCREENING AND SURVEILLANCE17 CHILDCARE: HOW PEDIATRICIANS CAN SUPPORT CHILDREN AND FAMILIES18 LOSS, SEPARATION, AND BEREAVEMENT19 SLEEP MEDICINEPART IIIBehavioral and Psychiatric Disorders20 ASSESSMENT AND INTERVIEWING21 PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS22 SOMATIC SYMPTOM AND RELATED DISORDERS23 RUMINATION AND PICA24 MOTOR DISORDERS AND HABITS25 ANXIETY DISORDERS26 MOOD DISORDERS27 SUICIDE AND ATTEMPTED SUICIDE28 EATING DISORDERS29 DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE-CONTROL, AND CONDUCT DISORDERS30 AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER31 CHILDHOOD PSYCHOSESPART IVLearning Disorders32 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTION AND DYSFUNCTION IN THE SCHOOL-AGE CHILD33 ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER34 DYSLEXIA35 LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNICATION DISORDERS36 INTELLECTUAL DISABILITYPART VChildren with Special Needs37 ADOPTION38 FOSTER AND KINSHIP CARE39 IMPACT OF VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN40 ABUSED AND NEGLECTED CHILDREN41 FAILURE TO THRIVE42 CHRONIC ILLNESS IN CHILDHOOD43 PEDIATRIC PALLIATIVE CAREPART VINutrition44 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS45 FEEDING HEALTHY INFANTS, CHILDREN, ?AND ADOLESCENTS46 NUTRITION, FOOD SECURITY, AND HEALTH47 OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY48 VITAMIN A DEFICIENCIES AND EXCESS49 VITAMIN B COMPLEX DEFICIENCIES AND EXCESS50 VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID)51 RICKETS AND HYPERVITAMINOSIS D52 VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY53 VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY54 MICRONUTRIENT MINERAL DEFICIENCIESPART VIIFluid and Electrolyte Disorders55 ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE DISORDERS56 MAINTENANCE AND REPLACEMENT THERAPY57 DEFICIT THERAPY58 FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE TREATMENT OF SPECIFIC DISORDERSPART VIIIPediatric Drug Therapy59 PEDIATRIC PHARMACOGENETICS, PHARMACOGENOMICS, AND PHARMACOPROTEOMICS60 PRINCIPLES OF DRUG THERAPY61 ANESTHESIA, PERIOPERATIVE CARE, AND SEDATION62 PEDIATRIC PAIN MANAGEMENT63 POISONING64 COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES AND INTEGRATIVE MEDICINEPART IXThe Acutely Ill Child65 EVALUATION OF THE SICK CHILD IN THE OFFICE AND CLINIC66 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN67 PEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES AND RESUSCITATION68 NEUROLOGIC EMERGENCIES AND STABILIZATION69 SYNCOPE70 SHOCK71 RESPIRATORY DISTRESS AND FAILURE72 ACUTE CARE OF THE VICTIM OF MULTIPLE TRAUMA73 ALTITUDE-ASSOCIATED ILLNESS IN CHILDREN (ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS)74 DROWNING AND SUBMERSION INJURY75 BURN INJURIES76 COLD INJURIESPART XHuman Genetics77 INTEGRATION OF GENETICS INTO PEDIATRIC PRACTICE78 THE GENETIC APPROACH IN PEDIATRIC MEDICINE79 THE HUMAN GENOME80 PATTERNS OF GENETIC TRANSMISSION81 CYTOGENETICS82 GENETICS OF COMMON DISORDERS83 GENETIC APPROACHES TO RARE AND UNDIAGNOSED DISEASESPART XIMetabolic Disorders84 AN APPROACH TO INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM85 DEFECTS IN METABOLISM OF AMINO ACIDS86 DEFECTS IN METABOLISM OF LIPIDS87 DEFECTS IN METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES88 MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSES89 DISORDERS OF PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM90 HUTCHINSON-GILFORD PROGERIA SYNDROME91 THE PORPHYRIAS92 HYPOGLYCEMIAPART XIIThe Fetus and the Neonatal Infant93 OVERVIEW OF MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY94 THE NEWBORN INFANT95 HIGH-RISK PREGNANCIES96 THE FETUS97 THE HIGH-RISK INFANT98 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DISEASES IN THE NEWBORN PERIOD99 NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS100 DELIVERY ROOM EMERGENCIES101 RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS102 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS103 BLOOD DISORDERS104 GENITOURINARY SYSTEM105 THE UMBILICUS106 METABOLIC DISTURBANCES107 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM108 DYSMORPHOLOGY109 INFECTIONS OF THE NEONATAL INFANTPART XIIIAdolescent Medicine110 ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT111 THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH PROBLEMS112 DELIVERY OF HEALTHCARE TO ADOLESCENTS113 VIOLENT BEHAVIOR114 SUBSTANCE ABUSE115 THE BREAST116 MENSTRUAL PROBLEMS117 CONTRACEPTION118 ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY119 ADOLESCENT RAPE120 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS121 CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROMEImmunologySection 1 EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM122 EVALUATION OF SUSPECTED IMMUNODEFICIENCYSection 2 THE T-, B-, AND NK-CELL SYSTEMS123 T LYMPHOCYTES, B LYMPHOCYTES, AND NATURAL KILLER CELLS124 PRIMARY DEFECTS OF ANTIBODY PRODUCTION125 PRIMARY DEFECTS OF CELLULAR ? IMMUNITY126 PRIMARY COMBINED ANTIBODY AND CELLULAR IMMUNODEFICIENCIESSection 3 THE PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM127 NEUTROPHILS128 MONOCYTES, MACROPHAGES, AND DENDRITIC CELLS129 EOSINOPHILS130 DISORDERS OF PHAGOCYTE FUNCTION131 LEUKOPENIA132 LEUKOCYTOSISSection 4 THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM133 THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM134 DISORDERS OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEMSection 5 HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION135 PRINCIPLES AND CLINICAL INDICATIONS OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION136 HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION FROM ALTERNATIVE SOURCES AND DONORS137 GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE, REJECTION, AND VENOOCCLUSIVE DISEASE138 INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS OF ?HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION139 LATE EFFECTS OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATIONPART XVAllergic Disorders140 ALLERGY AND THE IMMUNOLOGIC BASIS OF ATOPIC DISEASE141 DIAGNOSIS OF ALLERGIC DISEASE142 PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF ALLERGIC DISEASE143 ALLERGIC RHINITIS144 CHILDHOOD ASTHMA145 ATOPIC DERMATITIS (ATOPIC ECZEMA)146 INSECT ALLERGY147 OCULAR ALLERGIES148 URTICARIA (HIVES) AND ANGIOEDEMA149 ANAPHYLAXIS150 SERUM SICKNESS151 FOOD ALLERGY AND ADVERSE REACTIONS TO FOODS152 ADVERSE REACTIONS TO DRUGSRheumatic Diseases of Childhood153 EVALUATION OF SUSPECTED RHEUMATIC DISEASE154 TREATMENT OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES155 JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS156 ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS AND OTHER SPONDYLOARTHRITIDES157 REACTIVE AND POSTINFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS158 SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS159 JUVENILE DERMATOMYOSITIS160 SCLERODERMA AND RAYNAUD PHENOMENON161 BEHÇET DISEASE162 SJÖGREN SYNDROME163 HEREDITARY PERIODIC FEVER SYNDROMES AND OTHER SYSTEMIC AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASES164 AMYLOIDOSIS165 SARCOIDOSIS166 KAWASAKI DISEASE167 VASCULITIS SYNDROMES168 MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN SYNDROMES169 MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH ARTHRITISPART XVIIInfectious DiseasesSection 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS170 DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY171 THE MICROBIOME AND PEDIATRIC HEALTHSection 2 PREVENTIVE MEASURES172 IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES173 INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL174 CHILDCARE AND COMMUNICABLE ? DISEASES175 HEALTH ADVICE FOR CHILDREN TRAVELING INTERNATIONALLY176 FEVER177 FEVER WITHOUT A FOCUS178 INFECTIONS IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PERSONS179 INFECTION ASSOCIATED WITH MEDICAL DEVICESSection 3 ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY180 PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPYSection 4 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS181 STAPHYLOCOCCUS182 STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE (PNEUMOCOCCUS)183 GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS184 GROUP B STREPTOCOCCUS185 NON-GROUP A OR B STREPTOCOCCI186 ENTEROCOCCUS187 DIPHTHERIA (CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE)188 LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES189 ACTINOMYCES190 NOCARDIASection 5 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS191 NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS (MENINGOCOCCUS)192 NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE (GONOCOCCUS)193 KINGELLA KINGAE194 HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE195 CHANCROID (HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI)196 MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS197 PERTUSSIS (BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS AND BORDETELLA PARAPERTUSSIS)198 SALMONELLA199 SHIGELLA200 ESCHERICHIA COLI201 CHOLERA202 CAMPYLOBACTER203 YERSINIA204 AEROMONAS AND PLESIOMONAS205 PSEUDOMONAS, BURKHOLDERIA, AND STENOTROPHOMONAS206 TULAREMIA (FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS)207 BRUCELLA208 LEGIONELLA209 BARTONELLASection 6 ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS210 BOTULISM (CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM)211 TETANUS (CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI)212 CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION213 OTHER ANAEROBIC INFECTIONSSection 7 MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS214 PRINCIPLES OF ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL THERAPY215 TUBERCULOSIS (MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS)216 HANSEN DISEASE (MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE)217 NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIASection 8 SPIROCHETAL INFECTIONS218 SYPHILIS (TREPONEMA PALLIDUM)219 NONVENEREAL TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS220 LEPTOSPIRA221 RELAPSING FEVER (BORRELIA)222 LYME DISEASE (BORRELIA BURGDORFERI)Section 9 MYCOPLASMAL INFECTIONS223 MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE,224 GENITAL MYCOPLASMAS (MYCOPLASMA HOMINIS, MYCOPLASMA GENITALIUM, AND UREAPLASMAUREALYTICUM)Section 10 CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS225 CHLAMYDIA (CHLAMYDOPHILA) PNEUMONIAE226 CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS227 PSITTACOSIS (CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI)Section 11 RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS228 SPOTTED FEVER GROUP RICKETTSIOSES229 SCRUB TYPHUS (ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI)230 TYPHUS GROUP RICKETTSIOSES,231 EHRLICHIOSIS AND ANAPLASMOSIS232 Q FEVER (COXIELLA BURNETII)Section 12 FUNGAL INFECTIONS233 PRINCIPLES OF ANTIFUNGAL THERAPY234 CANDIDA235 CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS236 MALASSEZIA237 ASPERGILLUS238 HISTOPLASMOSIS (HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM)239 BLASTOMYCOSIS (BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS)240 COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS (COCCIDIOIDES SPECIES)241 PARACOCCIDIOIDES BRASILIENSIS242 SPOROTRICHOSIS (SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII)243 ZYGOMYCOSIS (MUCORMYCOSIS)244 PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECISection 13 VIRAL INFECTIONS245 PRINCIPLES OF ANTIVIRAL THERAPY246 MEASLES247 RUBELLA248 MUMPS249 POLIOVIRUSES250 NONPOLIO ENTEROVIRUSES251 PARVOVIRUSES252 HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS253 VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS254 EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS255 CYTOMEGALOVIRUS256 ROSEOLA (HUMAN HERPESVIRUSES 6 AND 7)257 HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8258 INFLUENZA VIRUSES259 PARAINFLUENZA VIRUSES260 RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS261 HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS262 ADENOVIRUSES263 RHINOVIRUSES264 CORONAVIRUSES265 ROTAVIRUSES, CALICIVIRUSES, AND ASTROVIRUSES266 HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUSES267 ARBOVIRAL INFECTIONS IN NORTH AMERICA268 ARBOVIRAL INFECTIONS OUTSIDE NORTH AMERICA269 DENGUE FEVER AND DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER270 YELLOW FEVER271 EBOLA AND OTHER VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS272 LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS273 HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME274 RABIES275 POLYOMAVIRUSES276 ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS)277 HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUSES (1 AND 2)278 TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIESSection 14 ANTIPARASITIC THERAPY279 PRINCIPLES OF ANTIPARASITIC THERAPYSection 15 PROTOZOAN DISEASES280 PRIMARY AMEBIC MENINGOENCEPHALITIS281 AMEBIASIS282 GIARDIASIS AND BALANTIDIASIS283 CRYPTOSPORIDIUM, ISOSPORA, CYCLOSPORA, AND MICROSPORIDIA284 TRICHOMONIASIS (TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS)285 LEISHMANIASIS (LEISHMANIA)286 AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS (SLEEPING SICKNESS; TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI COMPLEX)287 AMERICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS (CHAGAS DISEASE; TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI)288 MALARIA (PLASMODIUM)289 BABESIOSIS (BABESIA)290 TOXOPLASMOSIS (TOXOPLASMA GONDII)Section 16 HELMINTHIC DISEASES291 ASCARIASIS (ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES)292 HOOKWORMS (NECATOR AMERICANUS AND ANCYLOSTOMA SPP.)293 TRICHURIASIS (TRICHURIS TRICHIURA)294 ENTEROBIASIS (ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS)295 STRONGYLOIDIASIS (STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS)296 LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS (BRUGIA MALAYI, BRUGIA TIMORI, AND WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI), 1739297 OTHER TISSUE NEMATODES298 TOXOCARIASIS (VISCERAL AND OCULAR LARVA MIGRANS)299 TRICHINELLOSIS (TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS)300 SCHISTOSOMIASIS (SCHISTOSOMA)301 FLUKES (LIVER, LUNG, AND INTESTINAL)302 ADULT TAPEWORM INFECTIONS303 CYSTICERCOSIS304 ECHINOCOCCOSIS (ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS AND ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS)VOLUME 2PART XVIIIThe Digestive SystemSection 1 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE305 NORMAL DIGESTIVE TRACT PHENOMENA306 MAJOR SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF DIGESTIVE TRACT DISORDERSSection 2 THE ORAL CAVITY307 DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE TEETH308 DISORDERS OF THE ORAL CAVITY ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER CONDITIONS309 MALOCCLUSION310 CLEFT LIP AND PALATE311 SYNDROMES WITH ORAL MANIFESTATIONS312 DENTAL CARIES313 PERIODONTAL DISEASES314 DENTAL TRAUMA315 COMMON LESIONS OF THE ORAL SOFT TISSUES316 DISEASES OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS AND JAWS317 DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY IN DENTAL ASSESSMENTSection 3 THE ESOPHAGUS318 EMBRYOLOGY, ANATOMY, AND FUNCTION OF THE ESOPHAGUS319 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES320 OBSTRUCTING AND MOTILITY DISORDERS OF THE ESOPHAGUS321 DYSMOTILITY322 HIATAL HERNIA323 GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE324 EOSINOPHILIC ESOPHAGITIS AND NON-GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE ESOPHAGITIS325 ESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION326 ESOPHAGEAL VARICES327 INGESTIONSSection 4 STOMACH AND INTESTINES328 NORMAL DEVELOPMENT, STRUCTURE, AND FUNCTION329 PYLORIC STENOSIS AND OTHER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE STOMACH330 INTESTINAL ATRESIA, STENOSIS, AND MALROTATION331 INTESTINAL DUPLICATIONS, MECKEL DIVERTICULUM, AND OTHER REMNANTS OF THE OMPHALOMESENTERIC DUCT332 MOTILITY DISORDERS AND HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE333 ILEUS, ADHESIONS, INTUSSUSCEPTION, AND CLOSED-LOOP OBSTRUCTIONS335 PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE IN CHILDREN336 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE337 EOSINOPHILIC GASTROENTERITIS338 DISORDERS OF MALABSORPTION339 INTESTINAL TRANSPLANTATION IN CHILDREN WITH INTESTINAL FAILURE340 ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS IN CHILDREN341 CHRONIC DIARRHEA342 FUNCTIONAL ABDOMINAL PAIN (NONORGANIC CHRONIC ABDOMINAL ?PAIN)343 ACUTE APPENDICITIS344 SURGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE ANUS AND RECTUM345 TUMORS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT346 INGUINAL HERNIASSection 5 EXOCRINE PANCREAS347 EMBRYOLOGY, ANATOMY, AND ?PHYSIOLOGY348 PANCREATIC FUNCTION TESTS349 DISORDERS OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS350 TREATMENT OF PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY351 PANCREATITIS352 PSEUDOCYST OF THE PANCREAS353 PANCREATIC TUMORSSection 6 THE LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM354 MORPHOGENESIS OF THE LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM355 MANIFESTATIONS OF LIVER DISEASE356 CHOLESTASIS357 METABOLIC DISEASES OF THE LIVER358 VIRAL HEPATITIS359 LIVER ABSCESS360 LIVER DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC DISORDERS361 MITOCHONDRIAL HEPATOPATHIES362 AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS363 DRUG- AND TOXIN-INDUCED LIVER INJURY364 FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE365 CYSTIC DISEASES OF THE BILIARY TRACT AND LIVER366 DISEASES OF THE GALLBLADDER367 PORTAL HYPERTENSION AND VARICES368 LIVER TRANSPLANTATIONSection 7 PERITONEUM369 MALFORMATIONS370 ASCITES371 PERITONITIS372 EPIGASTRIC HERNIAPART XIXRespiratory SystemSection 1 DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION373 RESPIRATORY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND REGULATION374 DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO RESPIRATORY DISEASE375 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROMESection 2 DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT376 CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF THE NOSE377 ACQUIRED DISORDERS OF THE NOSE378 NASAL POLYPS379 THE COMMON COLD380 SINUSITIS381 ACUTE PHARYNGITIS382 RETROPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS, LATERAL PHARYNGEAL (PARAPHARYNGEAL) ABSCESS, AND PERITONSILLAR CELLULITIS/ABSCESS383 TONSILS AND ADENOIDS384 CHRONIC OR RECURRENT RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS385 ACUTE INFLAMMATORY UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION (CROUP, EPIGLOTTITIS, LARYNGITIS, AND BACTERIAL TRACHEITIS)387 FOREIGN BODIES IN THE AIRWAY388 LARYNGOTRACHEAL STENOSIS AND SUBGLOTTIC STENOSIS389 BRONCHOMALACIA AND ?TRACHEOMALACIA390 NEOPLASMS OF THE LARYNX, TRACHEA, AND BRONCHI391 WHEEZING, BRONCHIOLITIS, AND BRONCHITIS392 EMPHYSEMA AND OVERINFLATION393 a1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY AND EMPHYSEMA394 OTHER DISTAL AIRWAY DISEASES395 CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF THE LUNG396 PULMONARY EDEMA397 ASPIRATION SYNDROMES398 CHRONIC RECURRENT ASPIRATION399 IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASE400 COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA401 BRONCHIECTASIS402 PULMONARY ABSCESS403 CYSTIC FIBROSIS404 PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA (IMMOTILE CILIA SYNDROME, KARTAGENER SYNDROME)405 DIFFUSE LUNG DISEASES IN CHILDHOOD406 PULMONARY HEMOSIDEROSIS407 PULMONARY EMBOLISM, INFARCTION, AND HEMORRHAGE408 ATELECTASIS409 PULMONARY TUMORS410 PLEURISY, PLEURAL EFFUSIONS, AND EMPYEMA411 PNEUMOTHORAX412 PNEUMOMEDIASTINUM413 HYDROTHORAX414 HEMOTHORAX415 CHYLOTHORAX416 BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA417 SKELETAL DISEASES INFLUENCING PULMONARY FUNCTION418 CHRONIC SEVERE RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY419 EXTRAPULMONARY DISEASES WITH PULMONARY MANIFESTATIONSPART XXThe Cardiovascular SystemSection 1 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM420 CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT421 THE FETAL TO NEONATAL CIRCULATORY TRANSITIONSection 2 EVALUATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM422 HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION423 LABORATORY EVALUATIONSection 3 CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE424 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETIC BASIS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE425 EVALUATION AND SCREENING OF THE INFANT OR CHILD WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE426 ACYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: ? LEFT-TO-RIGHT SHUNT LESIONS427 ACYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: ?OBSTRUCTIVE LESIONS428 ACYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: REGURGITANT LESIONS429 CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: EVALUATION OF THE CRITICALLY ILL NEONATE WITH CYANOSIS AND RESPIRATORY DISTRESS430 CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART LESIONS: LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW431 CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW432 OTHER CONGENITAL HEART AND VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS433 PULMONARY HYPERTENSION434 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASESection 4 CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS435 DISTURBANCES OF RATE AND RHYTHM OF THE HEART436 SUDDEN DEATHSection 5 ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE437 INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS438 RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASESection 6 DISEASES OF THE MYOCARDIUM AND PERICARDIUM439 DISEASES OF THE MYOCARDIUM440 DISEASES OF THE PERICARDIUM441 TUMORS OF THE HEARTSection 7 CARDIAC THERAPEUTICS442 HEART FAILURE443 PEDIATRIC HEART AND HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATIONSection 8 DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM444 DISEASES OF THE BLOOD VESSELS (ANEURYSMS AND FISTULAS)445 SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSIONPART XXIDiseases of the BloodSection 1 THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM446 DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM447 THE ANEMIASSection 2 ANEMIAS OF INADEQUATE PRODUCTION448 CONGENITAL HYPOPLASTIC ANEMIA (DIAMONDBLACKFAN ANEMIA)449 PEARSON SYNDROME450 ACQUIRED PURE RED BLOOD CELL ANEMIA451 ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE AND RENAL DISEASE452 CONGENITAL DYSERYTHROPOIETIC ?ANEMIAS453 PHYSIOLOGIC ANEMIA OF INFANCY454 MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIAS455 IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA456 OTHER MICROCYTIC ANEMIASSection 3 HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS457 DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATION OF HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS458 HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS459 HEREDITARY ELLIPTOCYTOSIS460 HEREDITARY STOMATOCYTOSIS461 PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA AND ACANTHOCYTOSIS462 HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES463 ENZYMATIC DEFECTS464 HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS RESULTING FROM EXTRACELLULAR FACTORS-IMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS465 HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS SECONDARY TO OTHER EXTRACELLULAR FACTORSSection 4 POLYCYTHEMIA (ERYTHROCYTOSIS)466 POLYCYTHEMIA467 NON-CLONAL POLYCYTHEMIASection 5 THE PANCYTOPENIAS468 THE INHERITED PANCYTOPENIAS469 THE ACQUIRED PANCYTOPENIASSection 6 BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSIONS470 RED BLOOD CELL TRANSFUSIONS AND ERYTHROPOIETIN THERAPY471 PLATELET TRANSFUSIONS472 NEUTROPHIL (GRANULOCYTE) TRANSFUSIONS473 PLASMA TRANSFUSIONS474 RISKS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSIONSSection 7 HEMORRHAGIC AND THROMBOTIC DISEASES475 HEMOSTASIS476 HEREDITARY CLOTTING FACTOR DEFICIENCIES (BLEEDING DISORDERS)477 VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE478 HEREDITARY PREDISPOSITION TO THROMBOSIS479 THROMBOTIC DISORDERS IN CHILDREN480 POSTNEONATAL VITAMIN K DEFICIENCY481 LIVER DISEASE482 ACQUIRED INHIBITORS OF COAGULATION483 DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION484 PLATELET AND BLOOD VESSEL DISORDERSSection 8 THE SPLEEN485 ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN486 SPLENOMEGALY487 HYPOSPLENISM, SPLENIC TRAUMA, AND SPLENECTOMYSection 9 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM488 ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM489 ABNORMALITIES OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS490 LYMPHADENOPATHYPART XXIICancer and Benign Tumors491 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT CANCER492 MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY OF CANCER493 PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS494 PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT495 THE LEUKEMIAS496 LYMPHOMA497 BRAIN TUMORS IN CHILDHOOD498 NEUROBLASTOMA499 NEOPLASMS OF THE KIDNEY500 SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS501 NEOPLASMS OF BONE502 RETINOBLASTOMA503 GONADAL AND GERM CELL NEOPLASMS504 NEOPLASMS OF THE LIVER505 BENIGN VASCULAR TUMORS506 RARE TUMORS507 HISTIOCYTOSIS SYNDROMES OF CHILDHOODPART XXIIINephrologySection 1 GLOMERULAR DISEASE508 INTRODUCTION TO GLOMERULAR DISEASESSection 2 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLY ASSOCIATED WITH HEMATURIA509 CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE CHILD WITH HEMATURIA510 ISOLATED GLOMERULAR DISEASES WITH RECURRENT GROSS HEMATURIA511 GLOMERULONEPHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH INFECTIONS512 MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY513 MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS514 GLOMERULONEPHRITIS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS515 HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA NEPHRITIS516 RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE (CRESCENTIC) GLOMERULONEPHRITIS517 GOODPASTURE DISEASE518 HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME519 UPPER URINARY TRACT CAUSES OF HEMATURIA520 HEMATOLOGIC DISEASES CAUSING HEMATURIA521 ANATOMIC ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH HEMATURIA522 LOWER URINARY TRACT CAUSES OF HEMATURIASection 3 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLY ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINURIA523 INTRODUCTION TO THE CHILD WITH PROTEINURIA524 TRANSIENT PROTEINURIA525 ORTHOSTATIC (POSTURAL) PROTEINURIA526 FIXED PROTEINURIA527 NEPHROTIC SYNDROMESection 4 TUBULAR DISORDERS528 TUBULAR FUNCTION529 RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS530 NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS531 BARTTER AND GITELMAN SYNDROMES AND OTHER INHERITED TUBULAR TRANSPORT ABNORMALITIES532 TUBULOINTERSTITIAL NEPHRITISSection 5 ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE533 TOXIC NEPHROPATHY534 CORTICAL NECROSIS535 RENAL FAILURE536 RENAL TRANSPLANTATIONPART XXIVUrologic Disorders in Infants and Children537 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND DYSGENESIS OF THE KIDNEYS538 URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS539 VESICOURETERAL REFLUX540 OBSTRUCTION OF THE URINARY TRACT541 ANOMALIES OF THE BLADDER542 NEUROPATHIC BLADDER543 ENURESIS AND VOIDING DYSFUNCTION544 ANOMALIES OF THE PENIS AND URETHRA545 DISORDERS AND ANOMALIES OF THE SCROTAL CONTENTS546 TRAUMA TO THE GENITOURINARY TRACT547 URINARY LITHIASISPART XXVGynecologic Problems of Childhood548 HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION549 VULVOVAGINITIS550 BLEEDING551 BREAST CONCERNS552 POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND HIRSUTISM553 NEOPLASMS AND ADOLESCENT SCREENING FOR HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS554 VULVOVAGINAL AND MÜLLERIAN ANOMALIES555 GYNECOLOGIC CARE FOR GIRLS WITH SPECIAL NEEDSPART XXVIThe Endocrine SystemSection 1 DISORDERS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND556 HORMONES OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY557 HYPOPITUITARISM558 DIABETES INSIPIDUS559 OTHER ABNORMALITIES OF ARGININE VASOPRESSIN METABOLISM AND ACTION560 HYPERPITUITARISM, TALL STATURE, AND OVERGROWTH SYNDROMES561 PHYSIOLOGY OF PUBERTY562 DISORDERS OF PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENTSection 2 DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND563 THYROID DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY564 DEFECTS OF THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN565 HYPOTHYROIDISM566 THYROIDITIS567 GOITER568 HYPERTHYROIDISM569 CARCINOMA OF THE THYROIDSection 3 DISORDERS OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND570 HORMONES AND PEPTIDES OF CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS AND BONE METABOLISM571 HYPOPARATHYROIDISM572 PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM (ALBRIGHT HEREDITARY OSTEODYSTROPHY)573 HYPERPARATHYROIDISMSection 4 DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND574 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ADRENAL GLAND575 ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY576 CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA AND RELATED DISORDERS577 CUSHING SYNDROME578 PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM579 ADRENOCORTICAL TUMORS580 PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA581 ADRENAL MASSESSection 5 DISORDERS OF THE GONADS582 DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION OF THE GONADS583 HYPOFUNCTION OF THE TESTES584 PSEUDOPRECOCITY RESULTING FROM TUMORS OF THE TESTES585 GYNECOMASTIA586 HYPOFUNCTION OF THE OVARIES587 PSEUDOPRECOCITY RESULTING FROM LESIONS OF THE OVARY588 DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENTSection 6 DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDREN589 DIABETES MELLITUSPART XXVIIThe Nervous System590 NEUROLOGIC EVALUATION591 CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM592 DEFORMATIONAL PLAGIOCEPHALY593 SEIZURES IN CHILDHOOD594 CONDITIONS THAT MIMIC SEIZURES595 HEADACHES596 NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES597 MOVEMENT DISORDERS598 ENCEPHALOPATHIES599 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD600 DEMYELINATING DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM601 PEDIATRIC STROKE602 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULITIS603 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS604 BRAIN ABSCESS605 IDIOPATHIC INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION/PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI606 SPINAL CORD DISORDERSPART XXVIIINeuromuscular Disorders607 EVALUATION AND INVESTIGATION608 DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS OF MUSCLE609 MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES610 ENDOCRINE AND TOXIC MYOPATHIES611 METABOLIC MYOPATHIES612 DISORDERS OF NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION AND OF MOTOR NEURONS613 HEREDITARY MOTOR-SENSORY NEUROPATHIES614 TOXIC NEUROPATHIES615 AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHIES616 GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME617 BELL PALSYPART XXIXDisorders of the Eye618 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT619 EXAMINATION OF THE EYE620 ABNORMALITIES OF REFRACTION AND ACCOMMODATION621 DISORDERS OF VISION622 ABNORMALITIES OF PUPIL AND IRIS623 DISORDERS OF EYE MOVEMENT AND ALIGNMENT624 ABNORMALITIES OF THE LIDS625 DISORDERS OF THE LACRIMAL SYSTEM626 DISORDERS OF THE CONJUNCTIVA627 ABNORMALITIES OF THE CORNEA628 ABNORMALITIES OF THE LENS629 DISORDERS OF THE UVEAL TRACT630 DISORDERS OF THE RETINA AND VITREOUS631 ABNORMALITIES OF THE OPTIC NERVE632 CHILDHOOD GLAUCOMA633 ORBITAL ABNORMALITIES634 ORBITAL INFECTIONS635 INJURIES TO THE EYEPART XXXThe Ear636 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND EVALUATION637 HEARING LOSS638 CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS639 EXTERNAL OTITIS (OTITIS EXTERNA)640 OTITIS MEDIA641 THE INNER EAR AND DISEASES OF THE BONY LABYRINTH642 TRAUMATIC INJURIES OF THE EAR AND TEMPORAL BONE643 TUMORS OF THE EAR AND TEMPORAL BONEPART XXXIThe Skin644 MORPHOLOGY OF THE SKIN645 EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT646 PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY647 DISEASES OF THE NEONATE648 CUTANEOUS DEFECTS649 ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIAS650 VASCULAR DISORDERS651 CUTANEOUS NEVI652 HYPERPIGMENTED LESIONS653 HYPOPIGMENTED LESIONS654 VESICULOBULLOUS DISORDERS655 ECZEMATOUS DISORDERS656 PHOTOSENSITIVITY657 DISEASES OF THE EPIDERMIS658 DISORDERS OF KERATINIZATION659 DISEASES OF THE DERMIS660 DISEASES OF SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE661 DISORDERS OF THE SWEAT GLANDS662 DISORDERS OF HAIR663 DISORDERS OF THE NAILS664 DISORDERS OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES665 CUTANEOUS BACTERIAL INFECTIONS666 CUTANEOUS FUNGAL INFECTIONS667 CUTANEOUS VIRAL INFECTIONS668 ARTHROPOD BITES AND INFESTATIONS669 ACNE670 TUMORS OF THE SKIN671 NUTRITIONAL DERMATOSESPART XXXIIBone and Joint DisordersSection 1 ORTHOPEDIC PROBLEMS672 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT673 EVALUATION OF THE CHILD674 THE FOOT AND TOES675 TORSIONAL AND ANGULAR DEFORMITIES676 LEG-LENGTH DISCREPANCY677 THE KNEE678 THE HIP679 THE SPINE680 THE NECK681 THE UPPER LIMB682 ARTHROGRYPOSIS683 COMMON FRACTURES684 OSTEOMYELITIS685 SEPTIC ARTHRITISSection 2 SPORTS MEDICINE686 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION OF INJURIES687 MANAGEMENT OF MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURY688 SPORTS-RELATED TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (CONCUSSION)689 CERVICAL SPINAL INJURIES690 HEAT INJURIES691 FEMALE ATHLETES: MENSTRUAL PROBLEMS AND THE RISK OF OSTEOPENIA692 PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING AIDS693 SPECIFIC SPORTS AND ASSOCIATED ?INJURIESSection 3 THE SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS694 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS695 DISORDERS INVOLVING CARTILAGE MATRIX PROTEINS696 DISORDERS INVOLVING TRANSMEMBRANE RECEPTORS697 DISORDERS INVOLVING ION TRANSPORTERS698 DISORDERS INVOLVING TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS699 DISORDERS INVOLVING DEFECTIVE BONE RESORPTION700 DISORDERS FOR WHICH DEFECTS ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD OR UNKNOWN701 OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA702 MARFAN SYNDROMESection 4 METABOLIC BONE DISEASE703 BONE STRUCTURE, GROWTH, AND HORMONAL REGULATION704 PRIMARY CHONDRODYSTROPHY (METAPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA)705 HYPOPHOSPHATASIA706 HYPERPHOSPHATASIA707 OSTEOPOROSISPART XXXIIIRehabilitation Medicine708 PRINCIPLES OF REHABILITATION MEDICINE709 EVALUATION OF THE CHILD FOR REHABILITATIVE SERVICES710 SEVERE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY711 SPINAL CORD INJURY AND AUTONOMIC CRISIS MANAGEMENT712 SPASTICITY713 BIRTH BRACHIAL PLEXUS PALSY714 TRAUMATIC AND SPORTS-RELATED INJURIES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY715 MENINGOMYELOCELE (SPINA BIFIDA)716 AMBULATION ASSISTANCE717 HEALTH AND WELLNESS FOR CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIESPART XXXIVEnvironmental Health Hazards718 BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON CHILDREN719 CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS720 HEAVY METAL INTOXICATION721 LEAD POISONING722 NONBACTERIAL FOOD POISONING723 BIOLOGIC AND CHEMICAL TERRORISM724 ANIMAL AND HUMAN BITES725 ENVENOMATIONSPART XXXVLaboratory Medicine726 LABORATORY TESTING IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN727 REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR LABORATORY TESTS AND PROCEDURES