ASA S3/SC1.4 TR-2014 Sound Exposure Guidelines for Fishes and Sea Turtles: A Technical Report prepared by ANSI-Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC1 and registered with ANSI (eBook)

1. Introduction1.1 Background 1.2 Background Literature1.3 Terminology 2. Aquatic Organisms of Concern2.1 Fishes2.2 Sea Turtles2.3 Eggs and larvae 3. Hearing – A General Overview3.1 Fish Hearing: Sensitivity to Sound3.2 Lateral Line System3.3 Turtle Hearing3.4 Masking3.5 Auditory Scene Analysis3.6 Directional Hearing4. Classification of Fishes and Sea Turtles with Respect to Sound Exposure Risk4.1 Fishes4.2 Sea Turtles4.3 Larval Fish4.4 Categories 5. Effects of Sound Exposure5.1 Death and Injury5.2 Effects on Hearing5.3 Effects on Behavior5.4 Population-Level Effects on Fitness and Survival 6. The Nature of Man-Made Sound6.1 Metrics6.1.1 Sound Pressure6.1.2 Particle Motion6.1.3 Peak Levels6.1.4 Sound Intensity6.1.5 Impulse6.1.6 Sound Exposure Level6.1.7 Cumulative Energy (Cumulative Sound Exposure Level)6.1.8 Frequency Weighting6.2 Sources6.2.1 Explosions6.2.2 Seismic Airguns6.2.3 Pile Driving6.2.4 Active Sonar6.2.5 Continuous Sound Sources 7. Sound Exposure Guidelines7.1 Current Guidelines for Injury7.2 Current Guidelines for Behavior7.3 Practical Approach to Recommending Sound Exposure Guidelines7.4 Explanation of the Analyses7.5 Guidelines7.5.1 Source: Explosions7.5.2 Source: Pile Driving7.5.3 Source: Seismic Airguns7.5.4 Source: Low- and Mid-Frequency Naval Sonar7.5.5 Source: Shipping and Other Continuous Noises 8. Research Recommendations8.1 General Comments8.1.1 The Importance of Providing an Appropriate Acoustic Environment for Experiments8.1.2 The Difficulties in Examining Behavior8.1.3 The Diversity of Fishes and Sea Turtles8.2 Research Requirements of Highest Priority8.2.1 Fishes8.2.2 Eggs and Larvae8.2.3 Sea Turtles 9. Summary and Conclusions