The Neurohypophysis

1 The Neurohypophysis: Historical Overview.- 2 Anatomy of Pituitary and Extrapituitary Vasopressin Secretory Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Historical Overview.- 1.2. Studies with Gomori Stains.- 1.3. Biochemistry and Autoradiography.- 1.4. Immunocytochemical Approaches.- 2. Magnocellular Vasopressin and Oxytocin Systems.- 2.1. Cells Contributing to the Neurohypophysial Pathway.- 2.2. Distribution of Neurons in the Nuclei.- 2.3. Course of the Pathway.- 2.4. Other Peptides in the System.- 3. Parvocellular Vasopressin Secretory System to Median Eminence.- 3.1. History of Vasopressin Secretion into Portal Blood.- 3.2. New Evidence for a Vasopressin Pathway to Median Eminence.- 3.3. Continuing Controversies.- 3.4. Effects of Glucocorticoids.- 4. Parvocellular Systems.- 4.1. Vasopressin in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus.- 4.2. Extrahypothalmic Systems.- 4.3. Cells of Origin and Trajectory.- 5. Functional Roles of Vasopressin Pathways.- 5.1. Forebrain Functions.- 5.2. Autonomic Control.- 5.3. Coordination of Stress Responses.- 6. Addendum.- References.- 3 Biosynthesis of Vasopressin and Neurophysin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Identification of the Vasopressin Precursor.- 2.1. Studies on Intact Systems (in Vivo).- 2.2. Cell-Free Translation Studies.- 2.3. Recombinant DNA Studies.- 2.4. Other Precursors for Vasopressin.- 3. Posttranslational Processing of the Arginine Vasopressin-Neurophysin Precursor.- 4. Future Considerations.- References.- 4 The Mode of Action of Antidiuretic Hormone: Membrane Reorganization, Recycling, and Intracellular Transport.- 1. Historical Background.- 2. The Toad Urinary Bladder as a Model System.- 3. The Biochemical Mode of Antidiuretic Hormone Action.- 4. The Permeability of the Luminal Membrane.- 5. Basis for Sustained Water Movement.- 6. Prospective.- References.- 5 The Contribution of Measured Secretion of Neurophysins to Our Understanding of Neurohypophysial Function.- 1. Background.- 2. Classification of Neurophysins.- 2.1. Bovine Hormone-Specific Neurophysins.- 2.2. Porcine Hormone-Specific Neurophysins.- 2.3. Rat Hormone-Specific Neurophysins.- 2.4. Human Hormone-Specific Neurophysins.- 2.5. Stimulus-Specific Release of Individual Neurophysins.- 2.6. Conclusions Regarding Classification of Neurophysins.- 3. Neurophysin Pathways and Sites of Secretion.- 3.1. Physiologic Secretion from the Posterior Pituitary.- 3.2. Pathologic Secretion of Vasopressin.- 3.3. Secretion at the Median Eminence.- 3.4. Secretion into Cerebrospinal Fluid.- References.- 6 Pathology of the Neurohypophysis.- 1. Anatomy and Histology.- 2. Pathology.- 3. Summary.- References.- 7 Clinical and Laboratory Features of Central and Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus and Primary Polydipsia.- 1. Clinical Features.- 2. Laboratory Features.- 3. Summary.- References.- 8 Management of Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus with dDAVP and Other Agents.- 1. General Considerations in Treatment.- 2. Drugs Used to Treat Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus.- 2.1. Conventional Neurohypophysial Preparations.- 2.2. dDAVP.- 2.3. Nonhormonal Agents.- 3. Management of Acute Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus.- 3.1. Pathogenesis.- 3.2. Evaluation and Treatment.- References.- 9 Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Clinical Problems in Patients with SIADH.- 3. Causes of SIADH.- 3.1. Cancer.- 3.2. Neurohypophysial Trauma.- 3.3. Neurologic Disease.- 3.4. Postoperative SIADH.- 3.5. SIADH Associated with Pulmonary Disease.- 3.6. SIADH Associated with Endocrine Disorders.- 3.7. Psychiatric Disorders.- 3.8. Idiopathic SIADH.- 3.9. Drug-Induced SIADH.- 4. Differential Diagnosis.- 5. Treatment.- 5.1. Acute Treatment.- 5.2. Long-Term Treatment.- 6. Summary.- References.- 10 Treatment of Sickle Cell Anemia with dDAVP.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Results.- 2.1. Effect of Chronic Hyponatremia on Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration.- 2.2. Effect of Hyponatremia on Percentage of Sickle Cells at Varying Oxygen Tensions of Blood.- 2.3. Effect on Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin S.- 2.4. Effect of Hyponatremia on Prevention of Sickle Cell Crises.- 2.5. Dilutional Hyponatremia in the Treatment of Acute Sickle Cell Crisis.- 2.6. Effect of Hyponatremia on Red Blood Cell Survival.- 3. Discussion.- 4. Summary.- References.- 11 dDAVP in von Willebrand’s Disease and in Moderately Severe Hemophilia A.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Aspects.- 3. dDAVP: Mechanism of Action.- 4. Clinical Trials and Observations with dDAVP in Europe.- 4.1. Effect of dDAVP on Bleeding Time.- 4.2. Clinicopharmacologic Studies.- 5. United States Experience with dDAVP.- 5.1. Materials and Methods.- 5.2. Observations and Results.- 6. Discussion.- 6.1. Intranasal versus Intravenous Administration.- 6.2. Clinical Use.- 6.3. Use of çiDAVP for Menorrhagia.- 6.4. Selection of Subjects.- 7. Summary.- 8. Addendum.- References.