Manual of Internal Fixation in the Cranio-Facial Skeleton

1 Scientific Background.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Bone as a Material.- 1.3 Fractures in the Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Skeleton.- 1.4 Indications for Operative Treatment of Fractures.- 1.5 Operative Reduction and Internal Fixation.- 1.6 Design and Function of Implants and Instruments.- 1.7 Set Configurations.- 1.8 External Fixation Devices.- References and Suggested Reading.- 2 Anatomic Approaches.- 3 Mandibular Fractures.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Treatment Planning.- 3.3 Cost Effectiveness.- 3.4 Adequate Stability.- 3.5 Mistakes in Application and Technique.- 3.6 Failures.- 3.7 Indications for Osteosynthesis.- 3.8 Indications for Perioperative Antibiotic Cover.- 3.9 General Remarks.- 3.10 Localization and Types of Fracture.- 3.11 Fractures of the Symphysis and the Parasymphyseal Area.- 3.12 Fractures of the Horizontal Ramus.- 3.13 Fractures of the Mandibular Angle.- 3.14 Condylar and Subcondylar Fractures.- 3.15 Fractures of the Atrophic Mandible.- 3.16 Infected Fractures.- 3.17 Defect Fractures.- 3.18 Mandibular Fractures in Children.- References and Suggested Reading.- 4 Craniofacial Fractures.- 4.1 Organization of Treatment in Panfacial Fractures.- References and Suggested Reading.- 4.2 Le Fort I-III Fractures.- References and Suggested Reading.- 4.3 Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid Fractures.- References and Suggested Reading.- 4.4 Zygomatic Complex Fractures.- References and Suggested Reading.- 4.5 Orbital Fractures.- References and Suggested Reading.- 4.6 Cranial Vault.- References and Suggested Reading.- 5 Reconstructive Tumor Surgery in the Mandible.- 5.1 Diagnosis.- 5.2 Patient Selection.- 5.3 Description of Procedures.- 5.4 Complications.- 5.5 Technical Errors.- References and Suggested Reading.- 6 Stable Internal Fixation of Osteotomies of the Facial Skeleton.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Treatment Planning for Internal Fixation of Osteotomies.- 6.3 Surgical Procedures.- 6.4 Evaluation of Outcomes.- 6.5 Complications.- 6.6 Summary.- References and Suggested Reading.- 7 Craniofacial Deformities.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Incisions for Craniofacial Reconstruction and Patient Positioning.- 7.3 Craniosynostosis.- 7.4 Planning and Reconstruction.- 7.5 Surgical Technique: Anterior Cranial Expansion and Reconstruction.- 7.6 Posterior Cranial Expansion.- 7.7 Complete or Subtotal Calvarial Expansion.- 7.8 Hypertelorism.- 7.9 Monoblock Osteotomies.- 7.10 Orbital Dystopia.- 7.11 Craniofacial (Hemifacial) Microsomia.- 7.12 The Treacher Collins Malformation.- 7.13 Encephaloceles.- 7.14 Bone Lengthening by Continuous Distraction.- References and Suggested Reading.