Essential Histology

TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1Introduction to Histology Basic Tissues Non-Cellular Constituents of Tissues Preparation of Histological Sections Light Microscopy Studying Histological Sections Histological Stains Recognizing Cells in Sections Interpreting Histological Sections in Three Dimensions Macromolecular Constituents of Cells Localization of Specific Tissue Constituents Recognition of Extracellular Matrix and Body Fluids in Sections Artifacts Electron Microscopy Summary CHAPTER 2Cell Nucleus Nuclear Organization Transcription and Translation Nucleolus Cell Cycle Cell Renewal Mitosis Chromosome Number and Identification Nuclear Appearances Indicating Cell Death Summary CHAPTER 3Cell Cytoplasm Functional Role of Cytoplasm Initial Overview of Cytoplasmic Constituents Cytosol (Cytoplasmic Matrix) Cell Membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes Rough-Surfaced Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Secretory Vesicles Lysosomes Coated Vesicles Endosomes Peroxisomes Smooth-Surfaces Endoplasmic Reticulum Microtubules Cilia and Flagella Filaments Cytoplasmic Inclusions Summary CHAPTER 4Epithelial Tissue Epithelial Membranes Cell Junctions Epithelial Cell Renewal Epithelial Glands Summary CHAPTER 5Loose Connective Tissue and Adipose Tissue Connective Tissue Fibers Collagen Elastin Ground Substance (Amorphous Component of Interstitial Matrix) Basement Membranes Loose Connective Tissue Cells Fibroblasts Endothelial Cells Pericytes Fat Cells of Adipose Tissue Plasma Cells Mast Cells Macrophages Summary CHAPTER 6Blood Cells Erythrocytes Platelets Leukocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Summary CHAPTER 7Myeloid Tissue, Lymphoid Tissue, and Immune System Myeloid Tissue Myeloid Sinusoids and Stromal Cells Myeloid Differentiation and MaturationMegakaryocyte Maturation and Platelet Formation Lymphoid Tissue and Immune System Functional Roles of B and T Cells Lymphoid Organs Summary CHAPTER 8Dense Connective Tissue, Cartilage, Bone, and Joints Dense Ordinary Connective Tissue Tendons Ligaments Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic Cartilage Bone Intramembranous Ossification Bone Matrix Bone Cells Bone Growth Endochondral Ossification Postnatal Long Bone Growth Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth and Bone Resorption Blood Supply and Fracture Repair in Long Bones Joints Synovial Joints Intervertebral Joints Summary CHAPTER 9Nervous Tissue and Nervous System Structural Basis of Neural Pathways Neurons Synapses Central Nervous System Gray Matter and White Matter Spinal Cord Cerebral Cortex Cerebellar Cortex Neuroglia Meninges Cerebrospinal Fluid Peripheral Nervous System Spinal Ganglia Peripheral Nerves Afferent and Efferent Nerve Endings Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Ganglia Autonomic Nerve Endings Summary CHAPTER 10Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle Fibers Basis of Muscle Striation Red, White, and Intermediate Skeletal Muscle Fibers Efferent Innervation of Skeletal Muscle Motor