Evidence-Based Dermatology

Hywel Williams, MBBS Department of Dermatology, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. Michael Bigby, MD, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, USA. Andrew Herxheimer, MBBS, UK Cochrane Centre. Luigi Naldi, M, Department of Dermatology, Ospedali Riuniti, Bergamo, Italy. Berthold Rzany, MD, Division of EBM, Klinik fur Dermatologie, Charite-Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany. Robert Dellavalle, MD, Chief, Dermatology Service, Denver VA Medical Center, USA. Yuping Ran, MD, Department of Dermatology, Sichuan University, China. Masutaka Furue, MD, Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Japan.

Contributors, viii

Foreword, xii

Preface, xiv

About the companion website, xv

PART I: The concept of evidence-based dermatology
Andrew Herxheimer, editor

1 The field and its boundaries, 3
Luigi Naldi

2 The rationale for evidence-based dermatology, 7
Hywel C. Williams and Michael Bigby

3 The role of patient and public involvement in evidence-based dermatology, 12
Carron Layfield, Amanda Roberts, Jason Simons, Colette O'Sullivan, Anjna Rani, and Kim Thomas

4 The Cochrane Skin Group, 17
Finola Delamere, Liz Doney, Laura Prescott, and Shirley Manknell

PART II: The critical appraisal toolbox
Michael Bigby, editor

5 Formulating well-built clinical questions, 25
Michael Bigby and Berthold Rzany

6 Finding the best evidence, 27
Michael Bigby and Rosamaria Corona

7 The hierarchy of evidence, 30
Michael Bigby

8 Appraising systematic reviews and meta-analyses, 33
Michael Bigby and Hywel C. Williams

9 How to critically appraise a randomized controlled trial, 39
Hywel C. Williams

10 Assessing and explaining the evidence on harms of medical interventions, 46
Luigi Naldi

11 How to evaluate diagnostic tests, 50
Joerg Albrecht and Michael Bigby

12 What makes a good case series?, 54
Joerg Albrecht and Michael Bigby

13 What makes a good prevalence survey?, 58
Hywel C. Williams

14 Critical appraisal of pharmacoeconomic studies, 62
Rajini K. Murthy, Laura K. DeLong, and Suephy C. Chen

15 Comparative effectiveness research: what it is and how to assess its quality, 66
Junko Takeshita and Joel M. Gelfand

16 Outcome measures, 71
Alain Dupuy, Emilie Sbidian, and Sylvie Bastuji-Garin

17 Where does qualitative research fit into evidence-based dermatology?, 75
Ray Jobling and Luigi Naldi

18 Applying the evidence back to the patient, 79
Hywel C. Williams

PART III: The evidence

SECTION 1: Common inflammatory skin diseases
Luigi Naldi, editor

19 Acne vulgaris, 87
Michael Romano and Robert P. Dellavalle

20 Papulopustular rosacea, 106
Alfredo Rebora and Francesco Drago

21 Perioral dermatitis, 112
Vincenzo Bettoli, Stefania Zauli, and Annarosa Virgili

22 Hand eczema, 117
Wietske A. Christoffers, Marie-Louise Anna Schuttelaar, and Pieter-Jan Coenraads

23 The primary prevention of atopic dermatitis, 127
Joanne R. Chalmers, Sam F. Bremmer, and Eric L. Simpson

24 Atopic eczema, 136
Kim Thomas, Carolyn Charman, Helen Nankervis, Jane Ravenscroft, and Hywel C. Williams

25 Seborrheic dermatitis, 169
Mauro Picardo and Norma Cameli

26 Treatment of psoriasis, 175
Alexander Nast, Phyllis Spuls, and Tamar Nijsten

27 Lichen planus, 200
Laurence Le Cleach and Olivier Chosidow

28 Acute urticaria, 206
Torsten Schafer

29 Chronic urticaria, 210
Karsten Weller and Marcus Maurer

SECTION 2: Skin cancer, moles, and actinic keratoses
Robert Dellavalle, editor

30 Primary prevention of skin cancer, 223
Monika Janda and Adele C. Green

31 Treatment of cutaneous melanoma, 231
Mary Ann N. Johnson and April W. Armstrong

32 Treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, 241
Louise Lansbury, William Perkins, and Fiona Bath-Hextall

33 Basal cell carcinoma, 250
Fiona Bath-Hextall and William Perkins

34 Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 264
Fiona Child and Sean Whittaker

35 Actinic keratosis and Bowen's disease, 283
Sasha N. Jenkins, Maren Speck, and Suephy C. Chen

36 Kaposi sarcoma, 303
Whitney A. High

37 Melanocytic nevi, 313
Varun Shahi and Jerry D. Brewer

SECTION 3: Infective skin diseases, exanthems, and infestations
Masutaka Furue and Yuping Ran, editors

38 Local treatments for cutaneous warts, 320
Juping Chen and Yan Wu

39 Molluscum contagiosum, 329
Minh L. Lam

40 Impetigo, 337
Sander Koning, Renske van der Sande, Lisette W.A. van Suijlekom-Smit, and Johannes C. van der Wouden

41 Athlete's foot, 341
Inajara Rotta, Michel F. Otuki, and Cassyano J. Correr

42 Pityriasis versicolor, 345
Nancy Habib and Michael Bigby

43 Onychomycosis, 349
Aditya K. Gupta, Elizabeth A. Cooper, Maryse Paquet, and Fiona Simpson

44 Tinea capitis, 364
Urba Gonzalez

45 Deep fungal infections, 371
Roderick J. Hay

46 Streptococcal cellulitis/erysipelas of the lower leg, 378
Vinod E. Nambudiri and Michael Bigby

47 Exanthematic reactions, 388
Sandra R. Knowles and Neil H. Shear

48 Herpes simplex, 396
Vera Mahler

49 Leprosy, 407
Saumya Panda

50 Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 421
Urba Gonzalez, Armando Ruiz-Baques, and Jorge Alvar

51 Scabies, 432
Ian F. Burgess

52 Head lice, 441
Ian F. Burgess and Ciara S. Casey

53 Insect bites and stings, 451
Belen Lardizabal Dofitas

SECTION 4: Disorders of pigmentation
Hywel C. Williams, editor

54 Vitiligo, 464
Juan Jorge Manriquez and Sergio M. Niklitschek

55 Melasma, 470
Asad Salim, Ratna Rajaratnam, and Eva Soos Domanne

SECTION 5: Common ailments with significant cosmetic impact
Berthold Rzany, editor

56 Male and female androgenetic alopecia, 486
Hans Wolff and Kathrin Giehl

57 Alopecia areata, 490
Rod Sinclair

58 Evidence-based treatment of hirsutism, 498
Ulrike Blume-Peytavi and Natalie Garcia-Bartels

59 Focal hyperhidrosis, 504
Kave Shams and Berthold Rzany

60 Dermal fillers, 512
Stephanie Ogden and Tamara Griffiths

61 Reducing mimic wrinkles and folds with botulinum toxin A, 516
Berthold Rzany

SECTION 6: Other important skin disorders
Michael Bigby, editor

62 Cutaneous lupus erythematosus, 523
Susan Jessop and David Whitelaw

63 Dermatomyositis, 531
Ruth Ann Vleugels, David F. Fiorentino, and Jeffrey P. Callen

64 Acquired subepidermal bullous diseases, 545
Gudula Kirtschig, Vanessa Venning, Nonhlanhla P. Khumalo, and Fenella Wojnarowska

65 Pemphigus, 552
Linda K. Martin, Brian R. Sperber, Dedee F. Murrell, and Victoria P. Werth

66 Cutaneous sarcoidosis, 561
Misha Rosenbach and Joseph C. English III

67 Erythema multiforme, 575
Pierre-Dominique Ghislain and Jean-Claude Roujeau

68 Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, 578
Jean-Claude Roujeau, Pierre-Dominique Ghislain, and Laurence Valleyrie-Allanore

69 Polymorphic light eruption, 586
Robert S. Dawe

70 Infantile hemangiomas, 590
Hossain Shahidullah

71 Pruritus, 595
Elke Weisshaar and Gil Yosipovitch

72 Vulval lichen sclerosus, erosive lichen planus, and vulvodynia, 615
Rosalind C. Simpson, Ruth Murphy, and David Nunns

73 Venous ulcers, 624
Jonathan Kantor, David J. Margolis, and Douglas J. Pugliese

74 Other skin diseases for which trials exist, 632
Sinead Langan and Hywel C. Williams

PART IV: The future of evidence-based dermatology
Luigi Naldi, editor

75 Where do we go from here?, 637
Hywel C. Williams

Subject Index, 644