Neuro-vascular Neuro-ophthalmology

1 Circulation of the Eye, Orbit, Cranial Nerves, and Brain.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Carotid Arterial System.- 1.3 Vertebrobasilar Arterial System.- 1.4 Intracranial Venous Drainage.- 1.5 Circulation in Regions of Neuro-ophthalmologic Importance.- 1.6 Cerebral Blood Flow Physiology.- 2 Carotid Cavernous Fistulas.- 2.1 Epidemiology and Causes.- 2.2 Clinical Presentation, Evaluation, and Differential Diagnosis.- 2.3 Laboratory Evaluation.- 2.4 Therapy.- 3 Neuro-ophthalmic Manifestations of Intracranial Dural Venous Disorders.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Dural Arteriovenous Malformations and Shunts.- 3.3 Dural Venous Sinus Thrombosis.- 4 Orbital Vascular Lesions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Clinical Evaluation of Patients with Orbital Disease.- 4.3 Imaging of Orbital Lesions.- 4.4 Orbital Varix.- 4.5 Arteriovenous Malformation.- 4.6 Capillary Hemangioma.- 4.7 Cavernous Hemangioma (Cavernoma).- 4.8 Lymphangioma.- 4.9 Hemangiopericytoma.- 4.10 Malignant Hemangioendothelioma.- 4.11 Leiomyoma.- 4.12 Vascular Tumors of the Sphenoid Wing and the Cavernous Sinus.- 4.13 Vascular Phakomatoses (Neurocutaneous Syndromes).- 4.14 Cavernous Hemangioma of the Brain and Retina.- 5 Vascular Optic Neuropathies.- 5.1 Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- 5.2 Giant-Cell Arteritis.- 5.3 Papilledema.- 5.4 Leber's Optic Neuropathy.- 5.5 Postshock Optic Neuropathy.- 5.6 Low-Tension Glaucoma.- 5.7 Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus.- 5.8 Optic Disc Vasculities or Papillophlebitis.- 5.9 Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- 5.10 Rare Causes of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.- 5.11 Radiation Damage to the Eye and Brain.- 6 Aneurysms Involving the Motor and Sensory Visual Pathways.- 6.1 General Discussion.- 6.2 Carotid Cavernous Aneurysm.- 6.3 Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm.- 6.4 Carotid-Ophthalmic ArteryAneurysm.- 6.5 Aneurysm of the Internal Carotid Artery Bifurcation.- 6.6 Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm.- 6.7 Basilar Artery Aneurysm.- 6.8 Other Posterior Circulation Aneurysms.- 6.9 Nonsaccular Aneurysms.- 7 Vascular Malformations of the Brain.- 7.1 Arteriovenous Malformations.- 7.1.11 Treatment.- 7.2 Other Vascular Lesions of the Brain.- 8 Embolic and Noninflammatory Occlusive Vascular Disease of the Visual and Ocular Motor Systems.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Ocular Ischemia.- 8.3 Carotid and Cardiac Evaluation.- 8.4 Aortic Arch Occlusive Disease.- 8.5 Neuro-ophthalmologic Disorders Caused by Brain Infarcts.- 8.6 Therapeutic Considerations.- 8.7 Atypical Occlusive Disease of the Ophthalmic Artery.- 8.8 Ischemic Cranial Nerve Syndromes.- 8.9 Fibromuscular Dysplasia.- 8.10 Moyamoya Disease.- 8.11 Hypercoagulation Disorders.- 8.12 Dissection of the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries.- 8.13 Metabolic Disorders Associated with Cerebral Vaso-occlusive Disease.- 8.14 Specific Retinal Disorders.- 9 Inflammatory Vascular Disorders of the Brain and Eye.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis).- 9.3 Polyarteritis Nodosa.- 9.4 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.- 9.5 Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 9.6 Wegener's Granulomatosis.- 9.7 Behçet's Syndrome.- 9.8 Granulomatous Angiitis Confined to the Central Nervous System.- 9.9 Central Nervous System Angiitis of Other Causes.- 9.10 Takayasu's Arteritis.- 9.11 Cogan's Syndrome.- 9.12 Lymphatoid Granulomatosis.- 9.13 Microangiopathy of the Retina and Brain.- 9.14 Eales' Disease (Periphlebitis Retinae).- 9.15 Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy and Cerebral Vasculities.- 9.16 Sjögren's Syndrome.- 9.17 Occlusive Disease Associated with Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndromes: A Disorder inEvolution.- 10 Migraine.- 10.1 Introduction and Epidemiology.- 10.2 Types of Migraine.- 10.3 Theories of the Causes of Migraine.- 10.4 Theories of Visual and Neurologic Phenomena.- 10.5 Mechanisms of Headache.- 10.6 Laboratory Evaluation.- 10.7 Treatment.- References.