Genetics of Influenza Viruses

1. The Evolution of Influenza Viral Genetics - A Perspective.- I. Introduction.- II. The Development of Modern Influenza Viral Genetics.- III. Viral Genetics and the Understanding of Viral Virulence and Pathogenicity.- IV. Influenza Virus Genetics and the Epidemiology and Evolution of Influenza Viruses (Molecular Epidemiology).- V. Practical Applications of Influenza Viral Genetics.- VI. The Special Genetics of Divided Genome Viruses in Relation to Problems in Influenza.- VII. Unsolved Problems in Influenza and Genetic Approaches to Their Solution.- References.- 2. The Influenza Virus RNA Segments and Their Encoded Proteins.- I. Introduction.- II. The Influenza Virus Particle: Basic Structure.- III. Structure of the Genome.- IV. The Influenza Vims RNA Segments.- Acknowledgements.- Appendix: The Influenza Vims Nucleotide Sequence (A/PR/8/34 Strain).- References.- 3. Transcription and Replication of Influenza Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II Viral mRNA Synthesis.- III. Synthesis of Full-Length Transcripts.- IV. Synthesis of vRNA (Replication).- References.- 4. Genetic Relatedness of Influenza Viruses (RNA and Protein).- I. Introduction.- II Genetic Relatedness of Viral RNAs.- III. Genetic Relatedness of Viral Proteins.- IV. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 5. Antigenic Variation Among Type A Influenza Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Historical.- III. Nomenclature.- IV. Chemical and Physical Properties of the Antigens.- V. The Hemagglutinin (HA).- VI. The Neuraminidase (NA).- VII. Antigenic Shift.- VIII. Variation in the Nucleoprotein.- IX. Variation in the Matrix Protein.- X. Variation in the Nonstmctural Proteins.- XI. Variation in the Polymerase Proteins.- XII What of the Future?.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 6. Expression of Cloned InfluenzaVims Genes.- I. Introduction.- II. Expression Vectors.- III. Expression of Influenza Virus Genes in E. coli.- IV. Expression of Influenza Vims Genes in Eukaryotic Cells.- V. Analysis of the Expression of Mutant HA Proteins.- References.- 7. Mutants of Influenza Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Characterization of Vims Mutants.- III. Temperature-Sensitive Mutants.- IV. Cold-Adapted Mutants.- V. Host Range Mutants.- VI. Amantadine-Resistant Mutants.- VII. General Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 8. The Stmcture of Influenza Virus Defective Interfering (DI) RNAs and Their Progenitor Genes.- I. Introduction.- II. Properties of Influenza DI Particles.- III. RNA of Influenza Vims DI Particles.- IV. Stmcture of Polymerase Genes and Polymerase Proteins.- V. Stmcture of DI RNAs.- VI. Generation of DI RNAs from the Progenitor RNAs.- VII. Transcription of Influenza Vims DI Vimses.- VIII. Interference by Influenza DI Viruses.- IX. Conclusion.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 9. Influenza B and Influenza C Viruses.- I. Introduction.- II. Influenza B Vims.- III. Influenza C Vims.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 10. Virus-Determined Differences in the Pathogenesis of Influenza Virus Infections.- I. Introduction.- II. Methods.- III. Hemagglutinin-Related Differences in Biologic Properties.- IV. Virulence in Chickens.- V. Neurovirulence in Mice.- VI. Virulence in Other Experimental Animals.- VII Vims-Determined Differences in Other Systems.- VIII. Virulence in Man.- IX. Summary.- References.- 11. Molecular Epidemiology of Influenza Virus.- I. Introduction.- II. Influenza A, B, and C Viruses and Associated Diseases.- III. Influenza in the 20th Century.- IV. Surveillance of Influenza Vimses.- V. The 1977 H1N1 Vimses.- VI. Molecular Epidemiology of Influenza in Animals.- VII. Mechanisms Contributing to Variation in Influenza Virus Field Strains.- VIII. Outiook for the Future.- References.