Clinical Neuropathology

1. Development of Neurology and Neuropathology.- Early concepts of neurological structure and function.- 2. Functional Histology and Anatomy of the Central Nervous System.- Histology of the brain.- Anatomy of the human brain.- Anatomy of the spinal cord.- Basic neuroanatomy from the study of brain evolution.- Further reading.- 3. The Interpretation of Neurological Symptoms and Signs.- Clinical localisation of brain disorders.- Interaction between focal and generalised effects of intracranial lesions.- Spinal cord lesions.- Peripheral nerve disease.- Conclusion.- Further reading.- 4. General Pathology of the Central Nervous System.- Reactions of brain cells to disease processes.- Reactions to brain tissue damage.- The secondary effects of intracranial space-occupying lesions and cerebral oedema.- Hydrocephalus.- Further reading.- 5. Cerebral Vascular Disease.- Stroke.- Physiological aspects of the cerebral circulation.- Cerebral infarcts.- Hypoxic encephalopathy.- Spinal cord infarction.- Venous infarction.- Intracranial haemorrhage.- Further reading.- 6. Trauma to the Nervous System.- Head injuries.- Spinal cord trauma.- Chronic and recurrent trauma to the nervous system.- Radiation myelopathy and encephalopathy.- Further reading.- 7. Intracranial and Spinal Tumours.- Classification.- Incidence of intracranial and spinal tumours.- Clinical presentation of intracranial tumours.- Diagnosis of intracranial tumours.- Intracranial tumours of neuro-epithelial origin.- Tumours of nerve sheath cells.- Meningiomas.- Primary malignant lymphomas of the brain.- Tumours and malformations of blood vessel origin.- Tumours of the pituitary.- Tumours of the pineal.- Metastatic intracranial tumours.- Spinal tumours.- Further reading.- 8. Pituitary Tumours.- Pituitary adenomas.- Craniopharyngiomas and suprasellar cysts.- Further reading.- 9. Virus Infections of the Nervous System.- Clinical aspects and pathology.- Virology of nervous system infections.- Virological investigations in CNS infections.- Investigation of encephalitis.- Further reading.- 10. Bacterial, Fungal and Parasitic Infections of the Central Nervous System.- Bacterial infections.- Bacterial meningitis.- Tuberculous meningitis and tuberculomas.- Neurosyphilis.- Shunt-associated meningitis.- Fungal meningitis.- Other causes of meningitis.- Intracranial abscess.- Mycotic aneurysms.- Protozoal infections.- Metazoal parasites.- Further reading.- 11. Developmental and Neonatal Neuropathology.- Epidemiology.- Pathogenetic considerations.- Development of the human brain.- Chromosomal abnormalities.- Destructive lesions.- Dysraphic malformations.- Hydrocephalus.- Syringomyelia.- Perinatal brain injuries.- The phakomatoses.- Pathology of metabolic disorders of the brain.- Pathology of inborn lysosomal storage disorders.- Further reading.- 12. Metabolic Disorders Affecting the Nervous System.- Neonatal hypothyroidism.- Phenylketonuria.- Disorders of the branched chain amino acids.- Disorders of sulphur metabolism.- Urea cycle disorders.- Carbohydrate disorders.- Inherited disorders of trace metal metabolism.- Diagnosis of inherited disorders of sick infants.- References.- 13. Inborn Lysosomal Storage Disorders Affecting the Nervous System.- Lysosomes and lysosomal storage disorders.- Lysosomal disorders affecting the nervous system.- The mucopolysaccharidoses.- The lipidoses.- The mucolipidoses.- Other lysosomal disorders affecting the nervous system.- Aids to diagnosis of lysosomal disorders.- Management of lysosomal disorders.- References.- 14. Hereditary and System Disorders of the Nervous System.- Clinical features.- Hereditary system degenerations.- Acquired system degenerations.- Further reading.- 15. Dementia.- Epidemiology.- Causes.- Alzheimer’s disease.- Multi-infarct dementia.- Pick’s disease.- Progressive subcortical gliosis.- Huntington’s disease.- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (subacute spongiform encephalopathy).- The amnesic syndrome.- Intermittently raised pressure hydrocephalus (IRPH).- Further reading.- 16. Diseases of Peripheral Nerve.- Nerve biopsy.- Autopsy study of peripheral neuropathies.- Techniques for peripheral nerve histology.- Anatomy of peripheral nerves.- Histology of peripheral nerves.- Development and ageing of peripheral nerves.- General pathology of peripheral nerves.- Axon (wallerian) degeneration and regeneration.- Peripheral nerve diseases.- Further reading.- 17. Diseases of Muscle.- Muscle biopsy technique.- Histological features of neuromuscular disease.- Classification of neuromuscular disorders.- Myopathic disorders.- End-plate disorders.- Inflammatory myopathies.- Neurogenic disorders.- Further reading.