Osteoporosis, Two-Volume Set

Dr. Marcus is Professor-Emeritus, Stanford University, where he served on the full-time medical faculty for almost 25 years, before joining the Emeritus faculty in 2001. At Stanford, he was located at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto California, where he served as Director of the Aging Study Unit of the Geriatrics Research, Education, & Clinical Center from 1982-2001. Dr. Marcus enjoyed a long career as a clinical investigator in the fields of bone and mineral metabolism and osteoporosis medicine. His own research interests included diagnosis and therapy of primary hyperpara-thyroidism, interactions of the parathyroid-vitamin D axis with estrogen, age-related changes in the growth hormone-IGF axis, effects of growth hormone replacement for older men and women, metabolic and musculoskeletal effects of resistance exercise in older men and women, adolescent bone acquisition, and osteoporosis therapeutics. Dr. Marcus’ laboratory was a study site for many of the pivotal clinical trials in the osteoporosis field. These include the NIH Post-menopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions Trial (PEPI), Merck’s Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT), Lilly’s Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Intervention (MORE), and Lilly’s registration trial of recombinant PTH(1-34) in the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. In 2001. Dr. Marcus joined the US Affiliate of Eli Lilly & Company to support Lilly’s program in Osteoporosis and Skeletal Medicine. From 2003 until his retirement from Lilly in 2008, Dr. Marcus was the lead physician for the Forteo team at Lilly. He has published more than 150 research papers, editorials, and reviews. Dr. Marcus served as President of the American Society for Bone & Mineral Research in 2000-2001.

Contributors
Preface

VOLUME 1
Part I Introduction to Normal Bone Physiology and Pathophysiology

Chapter 1 The Bone Organ System: Form and Function
Cassandra A. Lee and Thomas A. Einhorn

Chapter 2 Osteoblast Biology
Jane B. Lian and Gary S. Stein

Chapter 3 Osteoclast Biology
F. Patrick Ross and Steven L. Teitelbaum

Chapter 4 The Biochemistry of Bone
Jayashree A. Gokhale, Pamela Gehron Robey, and Adele L. Boskey

Chapter 5 Developmental Biology of Bone
Anthony M. Reginato, Wenfang Wang, and Bjorn R. Olsen

Chapter 6 Mouse Genetics as a Tool to Study Bone Development and Physiology
Millan S. Patel and Gerard Karsenty

Chapter 7 Parathyroid Hormone and Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
Robert A. Nissenson

Chapter 8 Calcitonin
Ana O. Hoff, Gilbert J. Cote, and Robert F. Gagel

Chapter 9 Vitamin D: Biology, Action, and Clinical Implication
David Feldman, Peter J. Malloy, and Coleman Gross

Chapter 10 Regulation of Bone Cell Function by Estrogens
Barry S. Komm and Peter V. N. Bodine

Chapter 11 Skeletal Biology of Androgens
Kristine M. Wiren and Eric S. Orwoll

Chapter 12 Coupling of Bone Resorption and Formation during Bone Remodeling
Thomas J. Martin and Gideon A. Rodan

Chapter 13 Cytokines and Bone Remodeling
Gregory R. Mundy, Babatunde Oyajobi, Kathy Traianedes, Sarah Dallas, and Di Chen

Chapter 14 Bone Growth Factors
Xuezhong Qin, Reinhard Gysin, Subburaman Mohan, and David J. Baylink

Chapter 15 Skeletal Heterogeneity and the Purposes of Bone Remodeling: Implications for the Understanding of Osteoporosis
A. M. Parfitt

Chapter 16 Basic Biology of Bisphosphonates
H. Fleisch

Part II Structure and Biomechanics

Chapter 17 Skeletal Development: Mechanical Consequences of Growth, Aging, and Disease
Marjolein C. H. van der Meulen, Dennis R. Carter, and Gary S. Beaupré

Chapter 18 Inhibition of Osteopenia by Biophysical Intervention
Clinton T. Rubin and Kenneth J. McLeod

Chapter 19 Biomechanics of Age-Related Fractures
Mary L. Bouxsein

Part III Epidemiology and Risk Factors

Chapter 20 Introduction to Epidemiologic Methods
Jennifer L. Kelsey and MaryFran Sowers

Chapter 21 Magnitude and Impact of Osteoporosis and Fractures
L. Joseph Melton III and Cyrus Cooper

Chapter 22 Race, Ethnicity, and Osteoporosis
Marie Luz Villa, Lorene Nelson, and Dorothy Nelson

Chapter 23 Epidemiology of Osteoporosis Fractures: The European Experience
Chris de Laet and Jonathan Reeve

Chapter 24 Bone Mineral Acquisition in Utero, during Infancy, and throughout Childhood
Bonny Specker, Ran Namgung, and Reggie C. Tsang

Chapter 25 Bone Acquisition in Adolescence
Jean-Philippe Bonjour and Rene Rizzoli

Chapter 26 Genetics and Genomics of Osteoporosis
André G. Uitterlinden, Johannes P. T. M. van Leeuwen, and Huibert A. P. Pols

Chapter 27 Nutrition and Risk for Osteoporosis
Robert P. Heaney

Chapter 28 Physical Activity and Osteoporosis
Belinda R. Beck, Janet Shaw, and Christine M. Snow

Chapter 29 Premenopausal Reproduction and Hormonal Characteristics and Risk for Osteoporosis
MaryFran Sowers

Chapter 30 Postmenopausal Endogenous and Exogenous Hormones, Degree of Obesity, Thiazide Diuretics, and Risk of Osteoporosis
Jane A. Cauley and Loran M. Salamone

Chapter 31 The Effects of Tobacco and Alcohol Use on Bone
Ego Seeman

Chapter 32 Falls as Risk Factors for Fractures
Anne Schwartz, Elizabeth Capezuti, and Jeane Ann Grisso

Chapter 33 Assessing Fracture Risk
Charles W. Slemenda, C. Conrad Johnston, and Siu L. Hui

Chapter 34 Outcomes of Osteoporotic Fractures
Elizabeth Barrett-Conner and Gail Greendale

VOLUME 2
Part IV Pathophysiology

Chapter 35 The Nature of Osteoporosis
Robert Marcus and Sharmilla Majumder

Chapter 36 Local and Systemic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis
Lawrence R. Raisz

Chapter 37 Animal Models for in Vivo Experimentation in Osteoporosis Research
Donald B. Kimmel

Chapter 38 The TypeI/Type II Model for Involutional Osteoporosis: Update and Modification Based on New Observations
B. Lawrence Riggs, Sundeep Khosla, and L. Joseph Melton III

Chapter 39 Bone Remodeling Findings in Osteoporosis
Robert R. Recker and M. Janet Barger-Lux

Chapter 40 The Role of Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis
John P. Bilezikian and Shonni J. Silverberg

Chapter 41 Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: How the Hormonal Changes of Menopause Cause Bone Loss
Roberto Pacifici

Chapter 42 Osteoporosis in Men: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Characterization
Eric S. Orwoll and Robert F. Klein

Chapter 43 Osteoporosis in Childhood and Adolescence
Laura K. Bachrach

Chapter 44 Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: Basic Pathological Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Management in the New Millennium
Gary M. Leong, Jacqueline R. Center, N. Kathryn Henderson, and John A. Eisman

Chapter 45 Familial Osteoporosis
Alan L. Burshell and Steven R. Smith

Chapter 46 Immobilization Osteopenia
B. Jenny Kiratli

Chapter 47 Thyroid Hormone and the Skeleton
Daniel Baran

Chapter 48 Osteoporosis in Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Hepatic Diseases
Daniel D. Bikle

Chapter 49 Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Hyperparathyroid Bone Disease
Lorraine A. Fitzpatrick and Hunter Heath III

Chapter 50 Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Other Defects of Bone Development as Occasional Causes of Adult Osteoporosis
Jay R. Shapiro

Chapter 51 Osteoporosis Secondary to Illnesses and Medications
Adina Schneider and Elizabeth Shane

Chapter 52 Transplantation Osteoporosis
Sol Epstein and Elizabeth Shane

Chapter 53 Osteoporosis Associated with Pregnancy
Lynn Kohlmeier and Robert Marcus

Chapter 54 Osteoprosis Associated with Rheumatologic Disorders
Steven R. Goldring

Chapter 55 Oral Bone Loss and Systemic Osteopenia
Marjorie K. Jeffcoat, Michael S. Reddy, and Arthur A. Decarlo

Part V Evaluation and Management

Chapter 56 Localized Osteoporosis
D. J. Schurman, W. J. Maloney, and R. L. Smith

Chapter 57 The Evaluation of the Patient with Osteoporosis or at Risk for Osteoporosis
Michael Kleerekoper

Chapter 58 Imaging of Osteoporosis
Michael Jergas and Harry K. Genant

Chapter 59 Clinical Use of Bone Densitometry
Kenneth G. Faulkner

Chapter 60 Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Osteoporosis
P. Garnero and P. D. Delmas

Chapter 61 Osteoporosis and Its Nonskeletal Consequences: Their Impact on Treatment Decisions
Deborah T. Gold, Kenneth W. Lyles, Kathy M. Shipp, and Marc K. Drezner

Chapter 62 An Orthopedic Perspective of Osteoporosis
Michael H. Heggeness and Kenneth B. Mathis

Chapter 63 Clinical Use of Bone Biopsy
P. Chavassieux, M. Arlot, and P. J. Meunier

Part VI Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Chapter 64 Design Considerations for Clinical Investigations of Osteoporosis
Robert P. Heaney

Chapter 65 Development and Evaluation of New Drugs for Osteoporosis
Henry Bone

Chapter 66 Evidence-Based Decision Making in Osteoporosis
Ann B. Cranney and Gordon H. Guyatt

Chapter 67 The Role of Calcium in the Treatment of Osteoporosis
Bess Dawson-Hughes

Chapter 68 Vitamin D and Its Metabolites in the Management of Osteoporosis
Ian R. Reid

Chapter 69 Estrogens and Osteoporosis
Robert Lindsay and Felicia Cosman

Chapter 70 Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
Ethel S. Siris and Douglas B. Muchmore

Chapter 71 Phytoestrogen and Other Phytochemical Effects on Bone
Richard Prince

Chapter 72 Bisphosphonates in the Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Socrates E. Papapoulous

Chapter 73 Calcitonin
Roberto Civitelli

Chapter 74 Fluoride Therapy for Osteoporosis
K.-H. William Lau and David J. Baylink

Chapter 75 A New Perspective on Fluoride Therapy
Charles Y. C. Pak

Chapter 76 Androgens and Andogenic Progestins
Sundeep Khosla

Chapter 77 Treatment with PTH Peptides
Lis Mosekilde and Jonathan Reeve

Chapter 78 Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factors: Potential Applications and Limitations in the Management of Osteoporosis
Christian Wüster and Clifford Rosen

Chapter 79 New Approaches to Osteoporosis Therapeutics
S. Aubrey Stoch, Michael Chorev, and Michael Rosenblatt

Index