The Human Microbiome

Rosamond Rhodes, Ph.D., is Professor of Medical Education and Director of Bioethics Education at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Professor of Philosophy at The Graduate Center, CUNY, and Professor of Bioethics and Associate Director of the Union-Mount Sinai Bioethics Program. She writes on a broad array of issues in bioethics. Nada Gligorov, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Medical Education at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Assistant Professor of Bioethics at the Union- Mount Sinai Bioethics Program. She is primarily interested in neuroethics, most specifically determinism and free will as well as the impact of brain imaging technologies on privacy. She has also published on personal identity as it relates to biomedical issues such as advance directives. Abraham Paul Schwab, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne and an associate faculty member in the Union-Mount Sinai Bioethics Program.

Acknowledgements ; Microbiome Working Group Participants ; Introduction: Looking Back and Looking Forward ; Rosamond Rhodes ; The Project Collaborators ; Our Method ; The Scope of this Volume ; Reading this Book ; 1. The Human Microbiome: Science, History and Research ; Lily E. Frank, Martin J. Blaser, Kurt Hirschhorn, Daniel A. Moros, Matthew E. Rhodes, Sean Philpott, Rhoda Sperling, Keith Benkov ; Introduction ; The Role of Microorganisms in the Environment ; The Use of Microorganisms in Industry and Food Production ; The History of Microorganisms in Human Health and Disease ; The Human Microbiome ; Human Microbiome Project and the National Institutes of Health ; Research Tools and Methods ; Acquisition of the Microbiome ; Interactions between the Microbiome and the Host Genome ; Manipulating the Microbiome for Medical Purposes ; Conclusion ; 2. Personal Identity: Our Microbes, Ourselves ; Nada Gligorov, Jody Azzouni, Douglas P. Lackey, Arnold Zweig ; Introduction ; Personal Identity over Time ; The Human Microbiome and Numerical Identity ; The Human Microbiome and Conceptions of Self ; The Impact of Science on Commonsense Conceptions of Self ; Conclusion ; Policy Recommendations ; 3. Property and Research on the Human Microbiome ; Mary Ann Baily, Abraham P. Schwab, Joseph Goldfarb, Kurt Hirschhorn, Rosamond Rhodes, Brett Trusko ; Four Controversial Cases ; Introduction ; Ownership and Property in Philosophy ; Ownership and Property in the Social Sciences ; Ownership and Property in the Context of Biomedical Research ; Current Property Structures and Research on the Human Microbiome ; Patents ; Copyrights ; Property Rights and Biological Samples ; Conclusion ; Policy Recommendations ; 4. Privacy, Confidentiality, and New Ways of Knowing More ; Nada Gligorov, Lily E. Frank, Abraham P. Schwab, Brett Trusko ; Introduction ; Philosophical Approaches to Privacy ; Confidentiality ; Legislations to Protect Medical and Research Information ; Data Sharing ; Conclusion ; Policy Recommendations ; 5. Research Ethics ; Rosamond Rhodes, Joseph W. Dauben, Lily E. Frank, Daniel A. Moros, Sean Philpott, Martin J. Blaser ; Introduction ; The Landscape of Microbiome Research ; Historical Development of Research Ethics Regulation and Guidelines ; Research Ethics and Human Microbiome Research ; Critical Reflections on the U.S. Framework for Human Subject Research ; Implications for the Conduct of Human Subject Microbiome Research ; Research and Regulation of Probiotics and Phages ; Conclusion ; Policy Recommendations ; 6. Biobanks and the Human Microbiome ; Abraham P. Schwab, Barbara Brenner, Joseph Goldfarb, Rochelle Hirschhorn, Sean Philpott ; Introduction ; What is a Biobank? ; Human Microbiome Biobanks ; Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) of Human Microbiome Biobanks ; International Biobanks ; Community Consultation: A Reasonable Approach to Participatory Research ; Discrimination and Other Issues ; Conclusion ; Policy Recommendations ; 7. Public Health and Research on Populations ; Rosamond Rhodes, Stefan Bernard Baumrin, Martin J. Blaser, William J. Earle, Debbie Indyk, Ethylin Wang Jabs, Daniel A. Moros, Lynne D. Richardson, Henry S. Sacks ; Microbes and Public Health ; Public Health, Liberty, and Privacy ; Public Health Functions ; Public Health Agency Powers ; Public Health Methods ; Research Regulations and Public Health Data Gathering ; Quality Assurance, Quality Improvement and Surveillance ; De Minimis Risk: A Proposal for a New Category of Research Risk ; Additional Factors in the Ethical Conduct of Population Studies ; Prevention and Education ; Cautions for Public Health Policy Makers ; Coda: Further Philosophical Reflections on Public Health and the Microbiome ; Policy Recommendations ; Glossary ; Index