The Year in Metabolism 1977

1 Cyclic GMP in Metabolism: Interrelationships of Biogenic Amines, Hormones, and Other Agents.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Formation and Degradation of Cyclic GMP.- 1.3. Regulation of Cyclic GMP in Tissues.- 1.4. Some Physiologic Effects That May Correlate with Cyclic GMP.- 1.5. Clinical Studies with Cyclic Nucleotides.- References.- 2 Diabetes Mellitus.- 2.1. Heterogeneity of Diabetes Mellitus.- 2.2. Relationship of Fuels to Hormonal Release and Fuel Economy.- 2.3. Glucagon Secretion—Somatostatin.- 2.4. Epidemiological Findings.- 2.5. Control of Diabetes.- 2.6. Long-Term Complications.- 2.7. Diabetes in Pregnancy.- 2.8. Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.- References.- 3 Glucagon and Somatostatin.- 3.1. Immunoreactive Glucagons in Tissues and Plasma.- 3.2. Structure-Function Relationships of Glucagon.- 3.3. Molecular Basis for Glucagon Actions.- 3.4. Glucagon Metabolism, Clearance, and Degradation.- 3.5. Physiologic Actions of Glucagon.- 3.6. Physiologic Roles of Glucagon in Fuel Homeostasis.- 3.7. Concept of the Bihormonal Unit.- 3.8. Control of Glucagon Secretion.- 3.9. Extrapancreatic Glucagon.- 3.10. Somatostatin.- 3.11. Morphofunctional Interrelationships of the Endocrine Pancreas: Microanatomic Organization of the Islets of Langerhans.- 3.12. Importance of Glucagon in Clinical Medicine—Diabetes Mellitus.- References.- 4 Body Fuel Metabolism.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Glucose Metabolism.- 4.3. Amino Acid Metabolism.- 4.4. Ketone and Fatty Acid Metabolism.- 4.5. Fuel Metabolism in Exercise.- References.- 5 What’s New in the Treatment of Obesity?.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. The Core Problem of Treatment.- 5.3. Hypothetical Defended Variables in Obesity.- 5.4. Implications for Treatment.- 5.5. Current New Approaches in Treatment.- 5.6. Conclusion.- References.- 6Disorders of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Lipoprotein Structure and Metabolism.- 6.3. Hyperlipidemias.- 6.4. High-Density-Lipoprotein Levels and Coronary Heart Disease.- 6.5. Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia.- 6.6. Cholesterol Metabolism and Its Regulation.- 6.7. Familial Hypercholesterolemia.- 6.8. ?-Sitosterolemia and Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis.- 6.9. Hypertriglyceridemia.- 6.10. Chronic Renal Failure and Hyperlipidemia.- 6.11. Treatment of Hyperlipidemia.- References.- 7 Metabolism of Amino Acids and Organic Acids.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Phenylketonuria and Its Variants.- 7.3. The ?-Glutamyl Cycle and 5-Oxoprolinuria.- 7.4. Jamaican Vomiting Sickness and Glutaric Aciduria Type II: Similar Organic Acidurias with Different Etiologies.- References.- 8 Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Purine Metabolism.- 8.3. Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Deficiency Associated with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease.- 8.4. Increased Activity of ADA in Red Cells Associated with Hereditary Hemolytic Anemia.- 8.5. Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (PNP) Deficiency.- 8.6. Purine 5?-Nucleotidase Deficiency in Primary Hypogammaglobulinemia.- 8.7. Hereditary Xanthinuria.- 8.8. Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) Deficiency.- 8.9. Increased Activity of Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase.- 8.10. Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) Deficiency.- 8.11. Nucleoside Triphosphate Pyrophosphohydrolase Deficiency.- 8.12. Gouty Arthritis.- 8.13. Abnormalities of Pyrimidine Metabolism.- References.- 9 Divalent Ion Metabolism.- 9.1. Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis.- 9.2. Phosphate Metabolism.- 9.3. Magnesium Metabolism.- References.- 10 Nutrition, Growth, and Development.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2.Malnutrition and the Mechanisms of Cellular Growth.- 10.3. Genetic Obesity.- References.- 11 Metabolic Aspects of Renal Stone Disease.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. Incidence of Renal Stone Disease.- 11.3. Classification of Renal Stone Disease.- 11.4. Renal Stone Disease Secondary to Increased Crystalloid Excretion.- 11.5. Renal Stone Disease Secondary to Physicochemical Changes in Urine Composition.- 11.6. Idiopathic Renal Stone Disease.- 11.7. Treatment of Renal Stone Disease.- References.- 12 Metabolism and Metabolic Actions of Ethanol.- 12.1. Metabolism of Ethanol.- 12.2. Interaction of Ethanol with Androgen Metabolism.- 12.3. Interaction of Ethanol with Amino Acid Metabolism.- 12.4. Effects of Ethanol on the Gastrointestinal Tract.- References.