Modern Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

1.Introduction12
1.1.References13
2.Global and local epidemiology and etiology of CAP16
2.1.Epidemiology16
2.2.Factors influencing the incidence of CAP17
2.2.1.Age and CAP17
2.2.2.Concomitant diseases and CAP18
2.2.3.Drugs and CAP19
2.2.4.Behavioral risk factors20
2.3.Etiology20
2.3.1.The "atypicals"21
2.3.2.Respiratory viruses22
2.4.Individual risk factors for specific pathogens23
2.5.References25
3.Pathogenesis30
3.1.Pulmonary defense mechanisms30
3.2.Pathogenesis of pneumonia34
3.3.References35
4.Symptoms and diagnosis38
4.1.History and general symptoms38
4.2.Clinical diagnosis39
4.3.Prognostic scoring systems39
4.4.Biomarkers39
4.4.1.Procalcitonin39
4.4.2.C-reactive protein (CRP)40
4.5.Diagnostic tools40
4.5.1.Radiological investigations40
4.5.2.Microbiological investigations41
4.6.Differential diagnosis43
4.7.Quality Control43
4.8.References43
5.Microbial etiology of CAP and mechanisms of virulence/resistance46
5.1.Pathogens46
5.2.Virulence47
5.3.Emerging resistance48
5.3.1.Beta-lactams48
5.3.2.Macrolides50
5.3.3.Tetracyclines50
5.3.4.Fluoroquinolones50
5.3.5.Clinical relevance of resistance51
5.4.References51
6.Treatment of CAP54
6.1.General therapeutic considerations54
6.2.Initial management – risk stratification and treatment setting54
6.3.Antimicrobial chemotherapy58
6.4.Evaluation of treatment67
6.5.Follow-up67
6.6.References67
7.Prognosis and complications of CAP72
7.1.CAP mortality72
7.2.Treatment failure73
7.3.Infectious complications75
7.4.References78
8.Risk factors and prevention of CAP82
8.1.References87
9.Clinical challenges, research and perspectives90
9.1.References94
Index96