Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases (eBook)

Dr. Susan Tarlo, MD, Gage Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, Department of Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, CANADA. Professor Paul Cullinan, Professor in Respiratory Epidemiology at the National Heart and Lung Institute and Honorary Consultant Physician in Respiratory Medicine at Royal Brompton Hospital, London. Professor Benoit Nemery, MD PhD, Professor of Toxicology and Occupational Medicine, Department of Occupational, Environmental and Insurance Medicine and Pneumology, Research Unit of Lung Toxicology, Catholic University of Leuven, BELGIUM Editorial Board member, Journal of Inhalation Toxicology.

Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases 1
Contents 7
Contributors 17
Preface 25
Introduction 27
Asthma 27
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis) 29
COPD 30
Bronchiolitis 31
Pneumoconiosis 31
Lung cancer and mesothelioma 33
Attribution 34
Further reading 36
Part I: The personal environment 37
1 Cosmetics and personal care products in lung diseases 39
1.1 Introduction: historical context of cosmetics and respiratory illness 39
1.2 Epidemiological context 40
1.3 Description of exposures 41
1.4 Respiratory diseases associated with exposure to cosmetics and personal care products 43
1.5 Diagnosis and management of occupational asthma in hairdressers 45
References 47
Further reading 47
2 Passive smoking 49
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Exposure to second-hand smoke 50
2.3 Health effects of passive smoking in children 53
2.4 Health effects of passive smoking in adults 59
2.5 Diagnostic and management issues related to passive smoking 65
2.6 Prevention of SHS-related diseases 66
References 67
3 Emissions related to cooking and heating 71
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Description of exposures 72
3.3 Pollutants produced when using gas appliances in the home 72
3.4 Diseases associated with exposures 76
References 80
Further reading 80
4 Cleaning and other household products 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Description of exposures 82
4.3 Diseases associated with exposures 87
4.4 Diagnosis and management issues 91
4.5 Summary and conclusions 93
References 93
Further reading 93
5 Building materials and furnishing 95
5.1 Introduction to building materials and furnishing as sources of indoor air pollution 95
5.2 Emission of formaldehyde from building and interior surface materials 96
5.3 Emissions of volatile organic compounds 98
5.4 Emission of phthalates from PVC building and interior surface materials 100
5.5 Damp buildings and emissions of biological particles 101
5.6 Specific diseases associated with exposures from building materials and furnishing 102
5.7 Diagnosis and management issues 103
References 104
Further reading 105
6 Mites, pets, fungi and rare allergens 107
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Mites 107
6.3 Cat and dog allergens 108
6.4 Rodents and other pets 110
6.5 Cockroaches 111
6.6 Fungi (molds) 112
6.7 Rare allergens 116
6.8 Diagnosis and management issues 118
Further reading 119
7 Hobby pursuits 121
7.1 Definitions and general approach 121
7.2 Arts, crafts, and related activities in the plastic arts 122
7.3 Hobbies and pastimes involving pets and other animals 125
7.4 Sports and the performing arts 126
7.5 Miscellaneous hobbies, pastimes and avocations 128
7.6 Specific diseases associated with hobby activities 130
7.7 Diagnosis and management 130
Further reading 131
Part II: Other indoor environments 133
8 Day-care and schools 135
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 Description of exposures 136
8.3 Diseases associated with exposures in the school environment 140
8.4 Viral infections 141
8.5 Ventilation 141
8.6 Room temperature 141
8.7 Diagnosis and management issues 143
8.8 Summary 145
8.9 Recommendations 145
Further reading 145
9 Secondhand smoke exposure and the health of hospitality workers 147
9.1 Introduction 147
9.2 Exposure of hospitality workers to SHS 147
9.3 Diseases and health conditions associated with exposures 149
9.4 Diagnosis and management issues 153
9.5 Conclusions 153
References 154
10 Health effects of environmental exposures while in automobiles 155
10.1 Environmental exposures in automobiles 155
10.2 Air pollution exposure while driving in cars 156
10.3 Smoking exposure 158
10.4 Other exposures in cars 158
10.5 Diseases associated with exposures 159
10.6 Diagnosis and management issues 160
10.7 Helpful websites 161
Further reading 161
11 Indoor sports 163
11.1 Introduction 163
11.2 Ice sports and arenas 165
11.3 Ice arena air pollution: exposures and practical hints when taking a history 165
11.4 Indoor ice arena toxicant syndromes 166
11.5 Standards, guidelines and public health considerations 169
11.6 Cold air-exacerbated asthma and dyspnea 170
11.7 Water sports 170
11.8 Exposures 171
11.9 Diseases and health effects 173
11.10 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) 175
11.11 Infections 177
11.12 Swimming-induced pulmonary edema 177
11.13 Trauma 178
11.14 Equestrian arenas and horseback riding 178
11.15 Gymnastics, weightlifting, athletics (track and field) and rock wall climbing 181
Further reading 181
Part III: The work environment 185
12 Agricultural environments and the food industry 187
12.1 Introduction 187
12.2 Agriculture and agribusiness 187
12.3 Case 1 192
12.4 Case 2 192
12.5 Symptoms not related to allergen exposure 193
12.6 Other agrobusiness 195
12.7 Seafood and meat processing 196
12.8 Case 3 198
12.9 Bakeries 198
12.10 Other food industry 199
12.11 International perspective 200
References 201
13 Mining 203
13.1 Introduction 203
13.2 Population at risk 204
13.3 The mine environment 204
13.4 Pneumoconiosis 205
13.5 Obstructive pulmonary disease 210
13.6 Tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases 211
13.7 Malignant disease 211
13.8 Pleural disease 212
13.9 Connective tissue and renal diseases 212
13.10 Mining and tobacco smoking 213
13.11 Acute lung and airway inhalational injury 214
13.12 Trauma 215
13.13 Conclusion 215
Further reading 215
14 Metal industry and related jobs (including welding) 217
14.1 Introduction 217
14.2 Metals defined 217
14.3 Workplace hazards from metals 218
14.4 Metal industry processes 218
14.5 Pulmonary responses to metals 219
14.6 Beryllium: lung and systemic effects 221
14.7 Cobalt disease (hard metal pulmonary disease) 223
14.8 Welding-related lung disease 223
Acknowledgment 227
Further reading 227
15 Automobile maintenance, repair and refinishing 229
15.1 Introduction – the industry 229
15.2 Exposures from automobile maintenance and repair 230
15.3 Exposures in auto body workshops 230
15.4 Respiratory diseases in auto mechanics and repair workers 231
15.5 Work-related asthma 231
15.6 Other lung diseases in auto mechanics and repair workers 235
15.7 Other nonpulmonary occupational diseases among auto repair workers 236
Further reading 236
16 Automotive industry 237
16.1 Introduction 237
16.2 Respiratory hazards and disease 239
16.3 Vehicle parts manufacturing 239
Further reading 248
17 Wood and textile industries 249
17.1 Wood industry 249
17.2 The pulp and paper industry 252
17.3 The textile industry 253
17.4 Prevention 257
References 257
Further reading 257
18 Chemical, coatings and plastics industries 259
18.1 Introduction and definitions 259
18.2 Overview of the chemical, coatings and plastics industry 260
18.3 Major types of paints, coatings and plastics 261
18.4 Major respiratory disorders in chemical, coatings and plastics workers 267
18.5 Diagnosis and management 270
Further reading 271
19 Work with electronics 273
19.1 Introduction 273
19.2 The history of soldering 273
19.3 Diseases in those exposed to soft soldering flux fumes 274
19.4 Epidemiological context 274
19.5 Definition of scope (and limitations) 275
19.6 Exposures and processes in the electronics industry 275
19.7 Practical hints (and pitfalls) when taking a history from patient 275
19.8 How to document exposure, including biomonitoring 277
19.9 Diseases associated with colophony and isocyanate exposure in the electronics industry 278
19.10 Diagnosis and management issues 280
19.11 Management and prevention 282
19.12 Medicolegal considerations and compensation 282
19.13 Public health issues 283
19.14 The spectrum of occupational diseases in electronics workers 283
Further reading 284
20 The services industry 285
20.1 Introduction 285
20.2 Health diagnosing and treating occupations 286
20.3 Personal care and service – cosmetology professionals 291
20.4 Protective services 292
20.5 Food preparation and serving-related occupations 294
20.6 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations – janitors/cleaners 295
20.7 Conclusions 296
Further reading 296
21 The construction industry 299
21.1 Introduction 299
21.2 Inhalation hazards in the construction industry 300
21.3 Diseases associated with exposures in construction work 302
21.4 Asthma and selected immunologic conditions 306
21.5 Occupational cancers 309
21.6 Other conditions 313
Further reading 314
22 Police, firefighters and the military 317
22.1 Introduction 317
22.2 First responders: potential exposures common to police, firefighters and the military 318
22.3 Police 328
22.4 Firefighters 329
22.5 Military 332
22.6 Compensation 335
Further reading 336
23 Office workers and teachers 339
23.1 Introduction 339
23.2 Exposures in office buildings and schools 342
23.3 Diseases associated with exposures 356
23.4 Diagnosis and management issues 359
Further reading 362
24 Research workers 363
24.1 Introduction 363
24.2 Respiratory hazards and diseases 364
24.3 Respiratory sensitization: asthma and rhinitis 366
24.4 Making a diagnosis of respiratory sensitization 367
24.5 Management of respiratory sensitization in the research setting 371
24.6 Respiratory disease arising from exposures to irritant substances 373
24.7 Immediate effects of acute exposures to respiratory irritants at relatively high intensity 374
24.8 Management of the acute effects of high-dose irritant exposure 376
24.9 Longer-term effects of acute exposures at relatively high intensity 376
24.10 Nonasthmatic diseases 376
24.11 Asthma 377
24.12 Management of irritant-induced asthma 378
24.13 Other respiratory diseases in research workers 379
24.14 Other occupational diseases among research workers 380
Further reading 380
25 Work in hyperbaric environments 383
25.1 Introduction 383
25.2 Respiratory hazards, diseases and their management 387
25.3 Further information 399
Further reading 400
26 Effects of travel or work at high altitudes or low pressures 403
26.1 Introduction 403
26.2 Physics of the high-altitude environment 404
26.3 Physiology of flight 405
26.4 Altitude illness 411
Further reading 414
Part IV: The general environment 415
27 Natural sources – wildland fires and volcanoes 417
27.1 Introduction 417
27.2 Biomass burning 418
27.3 Volcanoes 425
27.4 Management/prevention 428
Further reading 430
28 Traditional urban pollution 431
28.1 Introduction 431
28.2 Particulate matter 433
28.3 Sulfur oxides 437
28.4 Nitrogen oxides 439
28.5 Ozone 441
28.6 Air toxics 443
References 444
Further reading 444
29 Traffic-related urban air pollution 447
29.1 Introduction 447
29.2 History of traffic-related air pollution 448
29.3 Engines and emissions 451
29.4 Traffic-related air pollutants 454
29.5 Health effects of traffic-related air pollution 456
29.6 Conclusions 465
References 466
Further reading 468
30 Outdoor sports 471
30.1 Introduction 471
30.2 Epidemiological context 472
30.3 Definition of exposures related to asthma and respiratory disorders in athletes – pathogenetic mechanisms 473
30.4 Diseases related to physical activity, training and competition in sports 474
30.5 Diagnostic considerations and medicolegal issues 476
30.6 Treatment of asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes 476
30.7 International regulations for use of asthma drugs in sports 477
30.8 Controller treatment of EIA 478
30.9 Reliever treatment of EIA 479
30.10 Recommendations for the treatment of exercise induced asthma in athletes 480
References 481
Further reading 482
Index 483

"Occupational health physicians will find it an invaluable resource for clinical practice." (Occupational Medicine, 11 December 2011)

"The editors make good on their promise to provide a very useful clinical reference. This is a helpful companion to have when evaluating these patients.
I commend these editors on a very illuminating approach to an important problem." (Doody's, 30 September 2011)

"Unlike other books on the subject, this new volume approaches occupational and environmental lung disease from the starting point of the patient who comes to the physician with respiratory symptoms.." (Asiaing.com, 11 November 2010)