Water and Sanitation–Related Diseases and the Environment: Challenges, Interventions, and Precentive Measures

Janine Selendy is Founder, Chairman and President of HORIZON International, a non-profit organization based at Yale University, which addresses health, anvironment and disease issues worldwide. She also serves as principal editor and publisher of Horizon's web-based Solutions Site. She is executive producer of more than 20 television documentaries, many of which have won awards and have been broadcast in many countries. She is also a Research Affiliate in the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University. Her background in medical, scientific, environmental and other areas provides her with an appreciation of the interconnectedness of many subjects.

PREFACE ix CONTRIBUTORS xi INTRODUCTION xv Janine M. H. Selendy and Jens Aargaard-Hansen SECTION I DEFINING THE PROBLEM 1 1 Tackling the Water Crisis: A Continuing Need to Address Spatial and Social Equity 3 Jay Graham 2 Sanitation and Hygiene: Taking Stock After Three Decades 17 Jay Graham 3 Water and Health: The Demographic Background 29 Robert Wyman 4 Water and War: Averting Armed Conflict and Protecting Human Rights 41 Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel SECTION II WATER AND SANITATION-RELATED DISEASES 45 5 Infectious Diarrhea 47 Sean Fitzwater, Aruna Chandran, Margaret Kosek, and Mathuram Santosham 6 Malnutrition and Undernutrition 71 Jeffrey K. Griffiths 7 Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Ascaris, Trichuris, and Hookworm Infections 81 Brian G. Blackburn and Michele Barry 8 Toxic Cyanobacteria 95 Ian Stewart, Wayne W. Carmichael, and Lorraine C. Backer 9 Dengue: A Water-Borne Disease 111 Scott B. Halstead 10 Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease): Case Study of the Effort to Eradicate Guinea Worm 125 Donald R. Hopkins and Ernesto Ruiz-Tiben 11 Onchocerciasis 133 Adrian Hopkins and Boakye A. Boatin 12 Reassessing Multiple-Intervention Malaria Control Programs of the Past: Lessons for the Design of Contemporary Interventions 151 Burton H. Singer and Marcia C. Castro 13 Schistosomiasis 167 Pascal Magnussen, Birgitte Jyding Vennervald, and Jens Aagaard-Hansen 14 Trachoma 175 Joseph A. Cook and Silvio P. Mariotti 15 Shigellosis 187 Michael L. Bennish and M. John Albert 16 The Zimbabwe Cholera Epidemic of 2008-2009 205 Edward Dodge 17 Infectious Disease Control in Ghana: Government's Interventions and Challenges to Malaria Eradication 211 Julius N. Fobil, Juergen May, and Alexander Kraemer SECTION III WATER RESOURCES 217 18 Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage in Low-Income Countries 219 Thomas F. Clasen 19 Informal Small-Scale Water Services in Developing Countries: The Business of Water for Those without Formal Municipal Connections 231 Laura Sima and Menachem Elimelech SECTION IV SANITATION AND HYGIENE 241 20 The Sanitation Challenge in India 243 Bindeshwar Pathak 21 Successful Sanitation Projects in Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore 251 Jay P. Graham 22 Household-Centered Environmental Sanitation Systems 257 Bindeshwar Pathak SECTION V ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS OF WATER POLLUTION 269 23 Naturally Occurring Water Pollutants 271 Lorraine C. Backer, Jonathan K. Kish, Helena M. Solo-Gabriele, and Lora E. Fleming 24 Anthropogenic Sources of Water Pollution: Parts 1 and 2 289 Kerry L. Shannon, Robert S. Lawrence, and M. Danielle McDonald 25 The Hudson River: A Case Study of PCB Contamination 303 David O. Carpenter and Gretchen Welfinger-Smith 26 Other Water Pollutants: Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria 329 Amy R. Sapkota SECTION VI CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN PREVENTING WATER POLLUTION 337 27 Controlling Water Pollutants 339 Jeffery A. Foran 28 Global Substitution of Mercury-Based Medical Devices in the Health Sector 351 Joshua Karliner and Peter Orris 29 Addressing Sources of PCBs and Other Chemical Pollutants in Water 359 Gretchen Welfinger-Smith and David O. Carpenter 30 Additional Measures to Prevent, Ameliorate, and Reduce Water Pollution and Related Water Diseases: Global Water Governance 385 Nikhil Chandavarkar SECTION VII EMERGING ISSUES IN ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, AND DISEASE 389 31 Changing Geographic Distribution of Disease Vectors 391 Mary E. Wilson 32 Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon 401 Marcia C. Castro and Burton H. Singer 33 Ecosystem Services, Water Resource Development, and Human Infectious Disease 421 Uriel N. Safriel 34 Ocean Pollution: Health and Environmental Impacts of Brominated Flame Retardants 439 Susan D. Shaw and Kurunthachalam Kannan SECTION VIII CONCLUSION 461 35 Assessment of Progress in Meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals 463 Gretchen Loeffler Peltier, Unni Krishnan Karunakara, and Anson Elisabeth Wright 36 Extending the Right to Health Care and Improving Child Survival in Mexico 475 Julio Frenk and Octavio Gomez-Dantes 37 Using Kinship Structures in Health Programming-An Example of Preventive Measures and Successful Interventions 481 Moses N. Katabarwa INDEX 485