Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology

Kenneth S. Saladin is Professor of Biology at Georgia College & State University in Milledgeville, Georgia, where he has taught since 1977. Ken teaches human anatomy and physiology, introductory medical physiology, histology, animal behavior, and natural history of the Galï¿pagos Islands. He has also previously taught introductory biology, general zoology, sociobiology, parasitology, and biomedical etymology. Ken is a member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society, American Association of Anatomists, American Physiological Society, Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, and American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is the author of the best-selling textbooks Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function and Human Anatomy. Ken and his wife Diane have two adult children. Robin McFarland has taught anatomy and physiology at Cabrillo College in Aptos, CA since 1998. She earned a Ph.D. in physical (biological) anthropology from the University of Washington, where she studied the relationship between body fat and reproduction in primates. Robin collaborates on studies of ape anatomy with Adrienne Zihlman at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Robin is a member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society, American Association of Anatomists, and American Association of Physical Anthropologists. She was also contributing author to Human Anatomy, second edition, by Ken Saladin. She and her husband Jeff have two children, Reid and Madeleine. Robin enjoys hiking and climbing mountains with her family.

Chapter 1The Study of Anatomy and Physiology1.1 Anatomy—The Structural Basis of Human Function

1.2 Physiology—The Functional Relevance of Human Structure

1.3 The Human Body Plan

1.4 The Language of Medicine

Chapter 2Life, Matter, and Energy2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

2.2 Water, Mixtures, and pH

2.3 Organic Compounds

2.4 Energy and Chemical Reactions

Chapter 3Cytology—The Cellular Level of Organization3.1 The General Structure of Cells

3.2 The Cell Surface

3.3 The Cell Interior

3.4 The Life Cycle of Cells

Chapter 4Histology—The Tissue Level of Organization4.1 The Study of Tissues

4.2 Epithelial Tissue

4.3 Connective Tissue

4.4 Nervous and Muscular Tissues—The Excitable Tissues

4.5 Glands and Membranes

4.6 Tissue Growth, Development, Repair, and Death

Chapter 5The Integumentary System5.1 The Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue

5.2 Accessory Organs

Chapter 6The Skeletal System6.1 Skeletal Structure and Function

6.2 Bone Development and Metabolism

6.3 The Axial Skeleton

6.4 The Appendicular Skeleton

6.5 Joints

Chapter 7The Muscular System7.1 Muscular Tissues and Cells

7.2 Physiology of Skeletal Muscle

7.3 Cardiac and Smooth Muscle

7.4 Anatomy of the Muscular System

Chapter 8The Nervous System I—Nerve Cells, the Spinal Cord, and Reflexes8.1 Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System

8.2 The Physiology of Neurons

8.3 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Reflexes

Chapter 9The Nervous System II—The Brain, Cranial Nerves, and Autonomic Nervous System9.1Overview of the Brain

9.2Principal Divisions of the Brain

9.3Multiregional Brain Functions

9.4The Cranial Nerves

9.5The Autonomic Nervous System

Chapter 10The Sense Organs10.1Receptors and Sensations

10.2The General Senses

10.3The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell

10.4The Ear—Hearing and Equilibrium

10.5The Eye and Vision

Chapter 11The Endocrine System11.1Overview of the Endocrine System

11.2Endocrine Physiology



11.3The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

11.4Other Endocrine Glands and Tissues

11.5Stress Physiology

Chapter 12The Circulatory System I—Blood 12.1Introduction

12.2Erythrocytes

12.3Leukocytes

12.4Platelets

Chapter 13The Circulatory System II—Heart and Blood Vessels13.1Overview of the Cardiovascular System

13.2Gross Anatomy of the Heart

13.3Physiology of the Heart

13.4General Anatomy of Blood Vessels

13.5Physiology of Circulation

13.6Circulatory Routes and Blood Vessels

Chapter 14The Lymphatic System and Immunity14.1The Lymphatic System

14.2Nonspecific Resistance

14.3Features of Adaptive Immunity

14.4Cellular and Humoral Immunity

Chapter 15The Respiratory System15.1Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System

15.2Pulmonary Ventilation

15.3Gas Exchange and Transport

Chapter 16The Urinary System16.1Functions of the Urinary System

16.2Anatomy of the Kidney

16.3Glomerular Filtration

16.4Tubular Resorption and Secretion

16.5Water Conservation

16.6Urine Storage and Elimination

16.7Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance

Chapter 17The Digestive System17.1Overview of the Digestive System

17.2The Mouth through Esophagus

17.3The Stomach

17.4The Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

17.5The Small Intestine

17.6Chemical Digestion and Absorption

17.7The Large Intestine

Chapter 18Nutrition and Metabolism18.1Nutrition

18.2Carbohydrate Metabolism

18.3Lipid and Protein Metabolism

18.4Metabolic States and Metabolic Rate

18.5Energy Balance and Appetite Regulation

18.6Body Heat and Thermoregulation

Chapter 19The Reproductive System19.1Essentials of Sexual Reproduction

19.2The Male Reproductive System

19.3The Female Reproductive System

19.4The Production and Union of Sex Cells

19.5Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Lactation

Chapter 20Human Development and Aging20.1Fertilization and Preembryonic Development

20.2The Embryonic and Fetal Stages

20.3The Neonate

20.4Aging, Senescence, and Death

Appendix A: Answer Key Appendix B: Health Science Careers Appendix C: Symbols, Weights, and Measures Appendix D: Biomedical Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes Glossary