Nanomedicine for Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Ajay Kumar Mishra is currently working as the Director at the Centre for Nanomaterials Science and also as an associate professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, South Africa, where he is a group leader of the research area for the composites/nanocomposites, water research, and bio-inorganic chemistry.

Preface xv Part 1: Nanomedicine 1

1 High-technology Therapy Using Biomolecules or Synthetic Compounds for HIV Inhibition 3
Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Pascaline Fontehand Ajay K.Mishra

1.1 Gene Therapy Including RNAHigh-Technology Against HIV 4

1.2 Metals and HIV Therapy 16

1.3 Conclusions 26

References 27

2 Emerging Nanomedicine Approaches for Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration 39
Author Lineis Missing

2.1 Introduction 39

2.2 Emerging NanomedicineApproaches 42

References 54

3 Synthesis of Poly(Methacrylate) Encapsulated Magnetite Nanoparticles via Phosphonic Acid Anchoring Chemistry and Its Applications Toward Biomedicine 63
B. Kothandapaniand Ajay K. Mishra

3.1 Introduction 64

3.2 Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles 73

3.3 Application in Biomedical Fields 82

3.4 Conclusions 84

References 85

4 Potentiometric PVC Membrane Sensors and Their Analytical Applications in Pharmaceuticals and Environmental Samples at Micro- and Nano-level 87
Gamal Abel-Hafiz Mostafa

4.1 Introduction 87

4.2 Ion Selective Electrode 88

4.3 Glass Membrane Electrode 89

4.4 Characteristics of ISE 90

4.5 Preparation of PVC Membrane 94

4.6 Method of Preparation of the Liquid Membrane ISEs 96

4.7 Application of Ion Selective Electrodes in Pharmaceutical and Environmental Analysis Using 97

4.8 Conclusion 123

References 127

5 Bioceramics: Silica-based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials for Medical Applications 135
Sadanand Pandey and Shivani B. Mishra

5.1 Introduction 136

5.2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials 141

5.3 Tissue Engineering 146

5.4 Other Organic-Inorganic Bioceramics for Medical Applications 150

5.5 Conclusion 156

5.6 Considerations and Future Directions 157

Acknowledgement 157

References 158

6 Recent Advances of Multifunctional Nanomedicines 163
Pradeep Pratap Singh and Ambika

6.1 Introduction 163

6.2 Nanomaterials of Biomedical Interest 164

6.3 Target-specificPharmacotherapy: Need for Nanocarrier Delivery Systems 165

6.4 Engineering of Pharmaceutical Nanosystems 166

6.5 Applications of Pharmaceutical Nanotools 180

6.6 Nanotoxicity 181

6.7 Future prospects 182

6.8 Conclusion 183

References 184

7 Nanomedicinal Approaches for Diabetes Management 189
Prashant Kumar Raiand Ajay Kumar Mishra

7.1 Introduction: The Motivation behind the Chapter 189

7.2 Type of Diabetes 191

7.3 Treatments for Diabetes 192

7.4 Why the Interest in Nanomedicine Research? 193

7.5 The Vision of Nanotechnology and its Clinical Applications for Diabetes 194

7.6 Summary 195

Acknowledgements 195

References 195

8 Polymeric Nanofibersin Regenerative Medicine 197
Narayan Chandra Mishra and Sharmistha Mitra (Majumder)

8.1 Introduction 197

8.2 Preparation of Nanofibers 199

8.3 RecentAdvances onApplication of Polymeric Nanofibersin Regenerative Medicine 201

8.4 Conclusions 222

References 222

Part 2: Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 227

9 Multifunctional Nano/Micro Polymer Capsules as Potential 229
Haider Sami, J. Jaishree, Ashok Kumar and Sri Sivakumar

9.1 Introduction 230

9.2 Synthesis of Polymer Capsules 232

9.3 Properties of Multilayered Polymer Capsules 237

9.4 Loading of Therapeutics 239

9.5 Stimuli-responsive Polymer Capsules 242

9.6 Multifunctional Hybrid Capsules 255

9.7 Targeted Polymer Capsules 267

9.8 BiomedicalApplications 268

9.9 Outlook and Future Prospects 274

References 274

10 Nanophosphors-Nanogold Immunoconjugates in Isolation of Biomembranes and in Drug Delivery 285
Dwijendra Gupta, Dhruv Kumar, Manish Dwivedi, Vijay Tripathi, Pratibha Phadke-Gupta and Surya Pratap Singh

10.1 Introduction 286

10.2 Nanoparticle Technology 287

10.3 The Versatility of Nanoparticles in Biological Sciences 288

10.4 Materials and Methods 293

10.5 Nanotags for Bio-labeling and Targeting: Nanophosphors or Quantum Dots 297

10.6 AFM Study of CdS and BSATagged ZnS-Mn Nanoparticles 302

10.7 Nano-Conjugates in Drug Delivery 304

10.8 Nanoparticle-mediated Drug Delivery and Nanotherapeutics 305

10.9 The Limitations of QDs 306

10.10 Summary 307

Acknowledgements 308

References 309

11 Cyclodextrin-based Nanoengineered Drug Delivery System 313
Jaya Lakkakula and Rui Werner Maçedo Krause

11.1 Introduction 314

11.2 Inclusion Complex Formation 316

11.3 Phase Solubility Relationships 318

11.4 Effect of Cyclodextrin on Drug Formulation 321

11.5 Cyclodextrin-based Drug Delivery 324

11.6 Cyclodextrins in Novel Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) 331

11.7 Conclusion 335

Acknowledgements 335

References 338

12 Medicinal Patches and Drug Nanoencapsulation 343
María H. Lissarrague, Hernan Garate, Melisa E. Lamanna, Norma B. D’Accorso and Silvia N.Goyanes

12.1 Introduction 343

12.2 Overview of Passive Skin Permeation (Passive Patches) 344

12.3 Recent Development on Skin Permeation 357

12.4 Drug Encapsulation 361

12.5 Triggered Release 369

12.6 Conclusions 374

References 374

13 Dendrimers: AClass of Polymer in the Nanotechnology for the Drug Delivery 379
Sunil K.Singh and Vivek K. Sharma

13.1 Introduction 379

13.2 Historical Origin of Dendrimers 380

13.3 Structure of Dendrimers 381

13.4 Terms Used in Dendrimer Chemistry 383

13.5 Types of Dendrimers 385

13.6 Application of Dendrimers 392

13.7 Dendrimers in Oral Drug Delivery 394

13.8 Dendrimers in Transdermal Drug Delivery 396

13.9 Dendrimers in Ocular Drug Delivery 398

13.10 Dendrimers inAnticancer Drug Delivery 399

13.11 Dendrimers in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 401

13.12 Conclusion 411

References 411

14 Designing Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery 417
Munishwar N. Gupta and Joyeeta Mukherjee

14.1 Introduction 417

14.2 Sizes, Shapes andAdvantages of Nanomaterials 418

14.3 Bioconjugation Strategies 421

14.4 Carbon Nanotubes 429

14.5 Drug Targeting 434

14.6 Future Perspectives 436

Acknowledgements 437

References 437

15 Multifunctional Polymeric Micelles for Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 443
Alicia Sawdon and Ching-An Peng

15.1 Introduction 443

15.2 Composition, Formation and Characterization of Polymeric Micelles 444

15.3 Polymeric Micelles for Cancer Chemotherapy 450

15.4 Targeting Schemes 457

15.5 Polymeric Micelles for Diagnostics and Imaging 465

15.6 Conclusions 467

References 467

16 Nanoparticles-based Carriers for Gene Therapy and Drug Delivery 477
Marketa Ryvolova, Jana Drbohlavova, Kristyna Smerkova, Jana Chomoucka, Pavlina Sobrova,Vojtech Adam, PavelKopel, Jaromir Hubalek and Rene Kizek

16.1 Introduction 478

16.2 Targeted Delivery 478

16.3 Conclusion 494

References 494