Micro and Nanotechnologies in Engineering Stem Cells and Tissues

MURUGAN RAMALINGAM, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Centre for Stem Cell Research (a unit of Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru) at the Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. He is well known for his pioneering work on gradient biomaterials, stem cell engineering, and soft-to-hard interface tissue engineering. ESMAIEL JABBARI, PhD, is Associate Professor of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Adjunct Professor of Orthopedic Surgery at the University of South Carolina. An internationally known researcher, he has published extensively on biomaterials, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. SEERAM RAMAKRISHNA, PhD, is Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering at the National University of Singapore. He is well known for his pioneering work on electrospinning of nanofibers. ALI KHADEMHOSSEINI, PhD, is Associate Professor at the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School.

Preface xiii

Contributors xv

1 Stem Cells and Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 1

1.1 A Brief History of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 1

1.2 Introduction to Stem Cells, 3

1.3 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Strategies, 5

1.4 Nanotechnology in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, 8

1.5 Conclusions, 19

2 Nanofiber Technology for Controlling Stem Cell Functions and Tissue Engineering 27

2.1 Introduction, 27

2.2 Fabrication of Nanofibrous Scaffolds by Electrospinning, 30

2.3 Stem Cells: Type, Origin, and Functionality, 32

2.4 Stem Cell–Nanofiber Interactions in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, 35

2.5 Conclusions, 44

3 Micro- and Nanoengineering Approaches to Developing Gradient Biomaterials Suitable for Interface Tissue Engineering 52

3.1 Introduction, 52

3.2 Classification of Gradient Biomaterials, 54

3.3 Micro- and Nanoengineering Techniques for Fabricating Gradient Biomaterials, 59

3.4 Conclusions, 70

4 Microengineered Polymer- and Ceramic-Based Biomaterial Scaffolds: A Topical Review on Design, Processing, and Biocompatibility Properties 80

4.1 Introduction, 80

4.2 Dense Hydroxyapatite Versus Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffold, 85

4.3 Property Requirement of Porous Scaffold, 86

4.4 Design Criteria and Critical Issues with Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering, 88

4.5 An Exculpation of Porous Scaffolds, 90

4.6 Overview of Various Processing Techniques of Porous Scaffold, 92

4.7 Overview of Physicomechanical Properties Evaluation of Porous Scaffold, 95

4.8 Overview of Biocompatibility Properties: Evaluation of Porous Scaffolds, 104

4.9 Outstanding Issues, 107

4.10 Conclusions, 109

5 Synthetic Enroutes to Engineer Electrospun Scaffolds for Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration 119

5.1 Introduction, 119

5.2 Synthetic Enroutes, 125

5.3 Novel Nanofibrous Strategies for Stem Cell Regeneration and Differentiation, 131

5.4 Conclusions, 135

6 Integrating Top-Down and Bottom-Up Scaffolding Tissue Engineering Approach for Bone Regeneration 142

6.1 Introduction, 142

6.2 Clinic Needs in Bone Regeneration Fields, 143

6.3 Bone Regeneration Strategies and Techniques, 144

6.4 Future Direction and Concluding Remarks, 151

7 Characterization of the Adhesive Interactions Between Cells and Biomaterials 159

7.1 Introduction, 159

7.2 Adhesion Receptors in Native Tissue, 160

7.3 Optimization of Cellular Adhesion Through Biomaterial Modification, 166

7.4 Measurement of Cell Adhesion, 170

7.5 Conclusions, 174

8 Microfluidic Formation of Cell-Laden Hydrogel Modules for Tissue Engineering 183

8.1 Introduction, 183

8.2 Cell-Laden Hydrogel Modules, 184

8.3 Cell Assay Systems Using Microfluidic Devices, 189

8.4 Implantable Applications, 191

8.5 Tissue Engineering, 194

8.6 Summary, 198

9 Micro- and Nanospheres for Tissue Engineering 202

9.1 Introduction, 202

9.2 Materials Classification of Micro- and Nanospheres, 204

9.3 Applications of Micro- and Nanospheres in Tissue Engineering, 205

9.4 Conclusions, 212

10 Micro- and Nanotechnologies to Engineer Bone Regeneration 220

10.1 Introduction, 220

10.2 Nano-Hydroxyapatite Reinforced Scaffolds, 221

10.3 Biodegradable Polymeric Scaffolds and Nanocomposites, 225

10.4 Silk Fibers and Scaffolds, 227

10.5 Summary, 231

11 Micro- and Nanotechnology for Vascular Tissue Engineering 236

11.1 Introduction, 236

11.2 Conventional Vascular Grafts, 237

11.3 Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts, 237

11.4 Micro- and Nanotopography in Vascular Tissue Engineering, 238

11.5 Micro- and Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Vascular Tissue Engineering, 241

11.6 Microvascular Tissue Engineering, 246

11.7 Conclusions, 253

12 Application of Stem Cells in Ischemic Heart Disease 261

12.1 Introduction, 261

12.2 Adult Skeletal Myoblast Cells, 267

12.3 Adult Bone Marrow–Derived Stem Cells, 269

12.4 Type of Stem Cells Used to Treat Cardiac Diseases, 273

12.5 Application, 277

12.6 Other Developing Technologies in Cell Engineering, 282

Acknowledgments, 293

References, 293

Index 303