Cadmium

1 The Estimation of Cadmium in Biological Samples.- A. Brief Survey of Cadmium Chemistry.- B. Analytic Methods for Cadmium.- References.- 2 Cadmium in the Environment and its Entry into Terrestrial Food Chain Crops.- A. Introduction.- B. Natural Occurence.- C. World Production.- D. Consumption.- E. Cadmium in Noncontaminated and Contaminated Soils.- F. Phytotoxic Effects of Cadmium.- G. Concentrations of Cadmium in Food Chain Crops.- H. Human Intake of Cadmium.- J. Methods to Control the Entry of Cadmium into Food Chain Crops.- K. Summary.- References.- 3 Absorption of Cadmium.- A. Introduction.- B. Routes of Exposure.- C. Mechanism of Intestinal Cd Absorption.- D. Control of Cd Absorption.- E. Summary.- References.- 4 The Chronic Toxicity of Cadmium: Influence of Environmental and Other Variables.- A. Introduction.- B. Environmental Pollution with Cadmium and Health Effects.- C. Renal Effects.- D. Skeletal Effects of Cadmium.- E. Blood Pressure, Cerebrovascular Disease, and Heart Disease.- F. Recovery from Cadmium-Induced Health Effects.- G. Chemical Forms of Cadmium in Food and Health Effects.- H. Elevated Sensitivity to Cadmium.- J. Metal Shift in Cadmium Intoxication.- K. Biologic Monitoring of Cadmium Exposure.- L. Estimation of Allowable Intake of Cadmium.- References.- 5 Effects of Cadmium Exposure in Humans.- A. Introduction.- B. Human Exposure to Cadmium.- C. Metabolism.- D. Acute Toxicity.- E. Chronic Toxicity.- References.- 6 The Nephropathy of Chronic Cadmium Poisoning.- A. Introduction.- B. Uptake, Storage, and Turnover of Cadmium in the Kidneys.- C. Effects on Tubular Function.- D. Effects on Glomerular Function.- E. Diagnosis.- F. Prognosis.- G. Prevention.- References.- 7 Cadmium and the Cardiovascular System.- A. Preface.- B. Historical Overview.- C. Actions of Cadmium on the Myocardium.- D. Vascular Actions of Cadmium.- E. The Cadmium Hypertension Controversy.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- References.- 8 Role of Metallothionein in Cadmium Metabolism.- A. Introduction.- B. Historical Background and Chemistry of the Metallothioneins.- C. Determination of Metallothionein Concentrations in Mammalian Tissues.- D. Metallothionein and the Metabolism of Cadmium.- E. Metallothionein Synthesis in Relation to the Chronic Toxicity of Cadmium.- F. Metallothionein Synthesis in Relation to the Acute Toxicity of Cadmium.- G. Kidney Uptake, Metabolism and Toxicity of Exogenous Metallothionein.- H. Function of Metallothionein in the Transport of Cd from the Liver to the Kidney.- J. Normal Functions of Metallothionein and the Interactions of Cd with these Functions.- K. Function of Metallothionein in the Reproductive Toxicology of Cd: Role in Perinatal Development.- L. Metallothionein: A Limiting Factor in the Chelation Therapy of Cd Intoxication.- References.- 9 Immunotoxicity of Cadmium.- A. The Immune System.- B. Immunoassays.- C. Effects of Cadmium on Immune Responses.- D. Summary.- References.- 10 The Effect of Dietary Selenium on Cadmium Cardiotoxicity.- A. Introduction.- B. Cadmium and the Heart.- C. Selenium Deficiency and Cardiomyopathy.- D. Cadmium-Selenium Interactions.- E. Cadmium-Copper Interactions.- F. Cadmium-Metallothionein Studies.- G. Investigations into the Mechanism of Cadmium Cardiotoxicity.- H. Physiologic Studies.- J. Conclusions.- References.- 11 Cellular Resistance to Cadmium.- A. Introduction.- B. Cultured Cell Systems for Studying Cd Metabolism.- C. Role of Metallothionein in Cellular Cd Resistance.- D. Non-Metallothionein Mechanisms of Cellular Cd Resistance.- E. Models Describing Cd Metabolism and the Role ofMetallothionein and Other Factors in Resistance and Sensitivity.- F. Future Directions.- G. Summary.- References.