Radiocontrast Agents

Introduction: State of the Art and Design Principles of Contrast Media.- References.- 1 Chemistry of X-Ray Contrast Media.- A. Introduction and Scope.- B. Biological Requirements.- C. Ionic Contrast Media.- D. Nonionic Contrast Media.- E. Oral Cholecystographic Agents.- References.- 2 Urographic Contrast Media and Methods of Investigative Uroradiology.- A. Introduction.- B. Historical Remarks.- C. Attenuation of X-Rays.- D. Pharmacodynamics.- E. Methods of Investigative Uroradiology.- References.- 3 Contrast Media in the Cardiovascular System.- A. Introduction.- B. Classification of Cardiovascular Actions of Contrast Media.- C. Importance of Experimental Conditions.- D. Specific Effects.- E. Summary.- References.- 4 Basic Methods of Investigative Cardiovascular Radiology.- A. Introduction.- B. Contrast Media.- C. Experimental Cardioradiographic Visualization.- D. Choice of Experimental Animals.- E. The Laboratory for Cardiovascular Contrast Media Research.- F. Cardiovascular Catheterization.- G. Animal Models of Cardiovascular Pathological States.- References.- 5 Contrast Media for Imaging of the Central Nervous System.- A. Introduction.- B. Angiographic Contrast Media in Neuroradiology.- C. Intrathecal Contrast Media.- References.- 6 Basic Methods of Investigative Neuroradiology.- A. Introduction.- B. Anesthesia.- C. Neurovascular Experimental Methods.- D. Experimental Methods for the Subarachnoid Space.- E. Toxicity Screening of Experimental Compounds.- References.- 7 Hepatic Disposition and Elimination of Biliary Contrast Media.- A. Introduction.- B. Anatomic Considerations.- C. Biliary Physiology.- D. Pharmacokinetic Principles.- E. Cholecystographic and Cholangiographic Contrast Media.- F. Concentration of Contrast Media.- G. Gallbladder Function.- H. EnterohepaticCirculation.- J. Renal Excretion.- K. Toxicity.- L. Future for Biliary Contrast Media.- References.- 8 Laboratory Techniques for Studying Biliary Contrast Media.- A. Introduction.- B. Choice of Animal Species.- C. Anesthesia.- D. Holding and Restraint.- E. Administration of Anesthetic.- F. Cannulation of Veins.- G. In Vivo Animal Preparation.- H. In Vitro Liver Preparations.- J. Instrumental Methods of Analysis.- K. Methods of Analysis.- References.- 9 Contrast Media in Lymphography.- A. Introduction.- B. Methods of Lymphography.- C. Physiology and Pharmacology of Lymphokinetics.- D. Animal Models in Investigative Lymphangiology.- E. Experimental Contrast Media for Lymphography.- References.- 10 Contrast Media in Computed Tomography.- A. Introduction.- B. Basic Aspects of Computed Tomography Relevant to Contrast Enhancement.- C. Measurement of Contrast Enhancement with Computed Tomography.- D. Image Manipulation.- E. Dynamic Scanning.- F. Pharmacokinetics of Contrast Enhancement.- G. Practical Applications of Contrast Enhancement.- V. Choice of Intravascular Contrast Medium.- References.- 11 Adverse Systemic Reactions to Contrast Media.- A. General Considerations.- B. Pathogenesis.- C. Pretesting.- References.- 12 Are Contrast Media Mutagenic?.- A. Introduction.- B. Methods.- C. Results.- D. Discussion.- References.- 13 Particulate Suspensions as Contrast Media.- A. Introduction.- B. Particulate Contrast Media.- C. Emulsions.- D. Computed Tomography Enhancement.- E. Other Potential Applications.- References.- 14 Appendix: Basics of Anesthesia for Experimental Animals.- A. Introduction.- B. Anesthesia for Cardiovascular Experiments.- C. Intravenous Anesthesia.- D. Volatile Anesthetics.- E. Short-term Reversible Hypotension.- F. Blood Transfusion.- G. Euthanasia.- References.