Vaccines

1 Vaccines: Past, Present and Future.- A. Bacterial Vaccines: Past, Present and Future.- B. Viral Vaccines.- C. Parasite Vaccines.- References.- 2 Immunology of Infection.- A. Introduction.- B. The Adaptive (Acquired) Immune Response.- C. The Cellular Immune System: T Cells.- D. Cytokines.- E. The Early Decision on the Type of Effector Functions that Prevail in an Immune Response.- F. The Humoral Immune System: B Cells.- G. T and B Cell Memory.- H. Mucosal Immunity.- I. Unsuccessful Induction of Specific Immune Responses.- J. Implications for Rational Vaccine Design.- References.- 3 DNA Vaccines: Immunogenicity and Preclinical Efficacy.- A. Overview.- B. Background.- C. Effectiveness of DNA Vaccines in Animal Models.- D. Mucosal Immunization.- E. Delivery Systems and Adjuvants.- F. Summary.- References.- 4 Antigen-Presentation Systems, Immunomodulators, and Immune Responses to Vaccines.- A. From Empirical Approaches to Rationally Selected Antigen-Presentation Systems and Immunomodulators for Vaccine-Mediated Protection Against Infectious Diseases.- B. What Are the Essential Parameters of Vaccine-Induced Effector Mechanisms?.- C. What Fundamental Immunological Mechanisms Can Be Modulated by Antigen-Delivery Systems and Immunomodulators?.- D. What Is the Effect of Specific Delivery Systems and Immunomodulators on Responses to Vaccine Antigens?.- E. How Can Vaccines Be Designed for Selected Target Populations with Variable Levels of Immunocompetence?.- F. Conclusions.- References.- 5 Vaccines Against Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella.- A. Introduction.- B. Measles Vaccine.- C.) Mumps Vaccine.- D. Rubella Vaccine.- E. Varicella Vaccine.- F. Epilogue.- References.- 6 Hepatitis and Polio Vaccines.- A. Introduction.- B. Hepatitis A Virus.- C. Hepatitis B Virus.- D. Hepatitis C Virus.- E. Hepatitis E Virus.- F. Poliovirus.- References.- 7 Herpes.- A. Herpesviridae.- B. Historical Background.- C. The Glycoproteins.- D. Early Events of Human Herpes Virus Replication.- E. Latency.- F. Reactivation.- G. Clinical Infections.- H. Immunology.- I. Therapeutic Vaccines.- J. Prophylactic Vaccines.- K. Conclusions.- References.- 8 Toxin-Based Vaccines (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis).- A. Introduction.- B. Diphtheria Toxin.- C. Tetanus Toxin.- D. Production, Effectiveness, and Problems of Conventional Diphtheria and Tetanus Vaccines.- E. Future Prospects.- F. Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids as Carriers for Polysaccharide Vaccines.- G. Pertussis.- References.- 9 Outer Membrane Protein Vaccines.- A. Introduction.- B. Neisseria gonorrhoeae.- C. Neisseria meningitidis.- D. Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae.- E. Moraxella catarrhalis.- F. Animal Models.- References.- 10 Carbohydrate-Based Bacterial Vaccines.- A. Introduction.- B. The Hib Experience.- C. Meningococcal Polysaccharide and Conjugate Vaccines.- D. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide and Conjugate Vaccines.- E. Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli.- References.- 11 Mycobacteria.- A. Introduction.- B. The Cellular Response to Mycobacteria.- C. Mycobacterial Antigens.- D. Protection Versus Disease.- E. Mycobacterial Vaccines.- F. Future Prospects.- References.- 12 Vaccines Against Diarrheal Diseases.- A. Introduction.- B. Overview of the Main Diarrrheal Pathogens.- C. Mechanisms of Disease and Immunity in Diarrheal Diseases.- D. Cholera Vaccines.- E. ETEC Vaccines.- F. Shigella Vaccines.- G. Campylobacter jejuni Vaccines.- H. Rotavirus Vaccines.- References.- 13 Sexually Transmitted Diseases.- A. Introduction.- B. Special Challenges.- C. Gonorrhea.- D. Chlamydia Infection.- E. Genital Ulcers Caused by Haemophilus ducreyi.- F. Syphilis.- G. Human Genital Papilloma Virus Infection.- H. Herpes Simplex Infection.- I. Conclusion.- References.- 14 Designing a Vaccine Against HIV.- A. Perspective.- B. The Role of Antibody.- C. The Role of Cytotoxic T-Cells.- D. Other T-Cell Activities.- E. Mucosal Immunity.- F. Vaccine Approaches.- G. Prospectus.- References.- 15 An Overview of Malaria Vaccine Development Efforts.- A. Epidemiology.- B. The Parasite.- C. Approaches to Malaria Vaccine Development: Preventing Erythrocytic Stage Infection or Reducing Morbidity and Mortality Without Preventing Infection.- D. Preerythrocytic Stage Vaccines.- E. Erythrocytic Stage Vaccines: Reducing Parasite Burden and Blocking Pathogenesis.- F. Transmission Blocking Vaccines.- G. Conclusions.- References.- 16 Antifertility Vaccines.- A. Introduction.- B. Current Status of Vaccine Development.- C. Problems and Prospects.- References.- 17 Cancer Vaccines.- A. Introduction.- B. Tumor Antigens.- C. Types of Tumor Vaccines.- D. Downregulatory Mechanisms.- E. Conclusions and Outlook.- References.- 18 Prevention of Autoimmunity.- A. Overview of Autoimmune Diseases.- B. Autoreactive T Cells.- C. Antigen-Specific Therapy.- D.Future Directions.- References.- 19 Vaccines Against Allergies.- A. Introduction.- B. The Allergic Immune Response.- C. Traditional Immunotherapy.- D. Conclusions.- References.