Pediatric Sports Medicine for the Practitioner

1 Physiologic Responses to Exercise of the Healthy Child.- Response to Acute Exercise.- Conditioning and Training.- References.- 2 Children and Exercise in a Clinical Context— An Overview.- Habitual Activity and Disease.- Effects of Disease on Physical Working Capacity.- Exercise as a Diagnostic Tool in Pediatrics.- Exercise as Therapy in Pediatrics.- Deleterious Effects of Exercise.- References.- 3 Pulmonary Diseases.- Bronchial Asthma.- Cystic Fibrosis (CF).- Interstitial Lung Disease.- Pulmonary Tuberculosis.- References.- 4 Cardiovascular Diseases.- Aortic Stenosis (AS).- Coarctation of the Aorta (CA).- Congenital Complete Heart Block (CCHB).- Coronary Heart Disease.- Hypertension (HT).- Neurocirculatory Asthenia (NCA).- Pulmonary Stenosis (PS).- Septal Defect—Atrial (ASD).- Septal Defect—Ventricular (VSD).- Tetralogy of Fallot (TF).- References.- 5 Endocrine Diseases.- Diabetes Mellitus.- Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency.- References.- 6 Nutritional Diseases.- Anorexia Nervosa (AN).- Malnutrition.- Obesity.- References.- 7 Neuromuscular Diseases.- Cerebral Palsy (CP).- Epilepsy.- McArdle’s Syndrome.- Progressive Muscular Dystrophy (PMD).- Scoliosis.- References.- 8 Hematologic Diseases.- Anemia.- Hemoglobinuria—Exertional.- Hemophilia.- Sickle-cell Anemia.- Thalassemia Major.- References.- 9 Climate and the Exercising Child.- Some Concepts in Thermoregulation.- Characteristics of Children Relevant to Thermoregulation.- Sweating Pattern.- Heat Tolerance.- Acclimatization to Exercise in the Heat.- Fluid and Electrolyte Balance.- Pediatric Health Hazards in Hot Climates.- Guidelines for Conduct of Athletic Events in the Heat.- References.- Appendix I “Norms”.- References.- Peak Mechanical Power.- Endurance Time—Bruce Treadmill.- Power at Heart Rate of170.- Distance Traveled— 12-Min Run-Walk.- Anaerobic Capacity.- Peak Anaerobic Power.- Appendix II Procedures for Exercise Testing in Children.- Choice of Ergometer.- The Exercise Protocol.- Prototypes of Exercise Tests.- Examples of Exercise Protocols.- The Bruce All-Out Progressive Continuous Treadmill Test.- The McMaster All-Out Progressive Continuous Cycling Test.- The McMaster All-Out Progressive Continuous Arm Test.- The Cumming Ail-Out Progressive Intermittent Cycling Test.- The Adams Submaximal Progressive Continuous Cycling Test.- The Hanne Submaximal Progressive Intermittent Step Test.- The Wingate Anaerobic Cycling Test.- Measurements Taken During Exercise Tests.- Heart Rate.- Ventilation.- Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure.- Electrocardiogram (ECG).- Skin Preparation.- Choice of Electrodes.- Choice of Leads.- Indications for Exercise ECG.- Exercise-induced Electrocardiographic Changes.- Exercise ECG Test vs. Long-term ECG Monitoring.- Cardiac Output.- Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE).- Determination of Maximal Aerobic Power.- Direct Determination.- Indirect Determination—Submaximal Tests.- Indirect Determination—All-Out Tests.- Safety Precautions.- Personnel.- Contraindications for Exercise Testing.- Termination of An Exercise Test.- References.- Appendix III Activity Questionnaire.- Appendix IV Calorie Equivalents.- Appendix V Glossary of Terms.