ZEISS Microscopes for Microsurgery

1 The technical principle of operation microscopes.- 1.1 Minimum demands on magnifying systems: prism loupes.- 1.2 Additional demands on magnifying systems: operation microscopes.- 1.3 Diagrams illustrating the design principle of Zeiss operation microscopes.- 2 The modules of an operation microscope.- 2.1 Objectives.- 2.2 Binocular tubes.- 2.3 Eyepieces.- 2.4 Magnification changers.- 3 Illumination systems for operation microscopes.- 3.1 Light sources.- 3.2 Light-transfer systems.- 3.3 Types of illumination.- 3.4 Filters in the illumination beam path.- 3.5 Comparison of different illumination systems.- 4 Couplings.- 4.1 Basic equipment for different microsurgical disciplines.- 4.2 Frequently used couplings.- 5 Stands.- 5.1 Floor stands.- 5.2 Ceiling mounts.- 5.3 Diagnosis microscope on wall mount.- 5.4 Diagnosis microscope for ENT diagnostic unit.- 5.5 Colposcope swivel arm.- 5.6 Table stand.- 6 Supplements and accessories.- 6.1. Beamsplitters.- 6.2 Assistant's microscope.- 6.3 Co-observation equipment.- 7 Asepsis and methods of sterilization.- 7.1 Sterility of operation microscopes.- 7.2 Sterilizable sleeves and caps.- 7.3 Methods of sterilization.- 8 Documentation equipment.- 8.1 Still photography.- 8.2 Cine photography.- 9 Maintenance of the operation microscope.- 10 Formulae.- 10.1 Optical properties of operation microscopes.- 10.2 Detector properties.- 10.3 Terms of the diffraction theory.- 10.4 Useful magnification.- 10.5 Useful f/number.- 10.6 Depth of focus.- 10.7 Illumination intensity in the film plane.- 10.8 Stereopsis.- Literature.