The Dermal Lymphatic Capillaries

Materials and Methods.- 1 The Lymphatic Tree.- 1.1 Lymphatic Trunk.- 1.2 Lymphatic Collecting Vessels.- 1.3 Lymphatic Capillaries.- 2 How to Demonstrate Lymphatic Capillaries.- 3 How to Identify Lymphatic Capillaries.- 4 Morphological Features of the Dermal Lymphatic Capillary.- 4.1 Pericapillary Connective Tissue.- 4.2 Endothelial Cells.- 4.3 Innervation.- 5 The Lymphatic Valve System.- 5.1 Structure of the Valves.- 5.2 Main Forms of the Lymphatic Valves.- 5.3 Inlet Valves.- 6 Lymphaticovenous Anastomoses.- 7 Lymph Formation and Lymph Flow.- 8 Function of the Dermal Lymphatic Capillaries.- 8.1 Functional Morphology.- 8.2 Manner of Function.- 9 The Role of Interstitial Proteolysis and Macrophages.- 10 Pharmacology of the Dermal Lymphatic Capillaries.- 11 Inflammatory Conditions.- 11.1 Morphological Changes of the Dermal Lymphatic Capillaries During Inflammation.- 11.2 Regeneration of the Lymphatic Capillaries.- 11.3 Cellular Components in the Capillary Lumen and in the Pericapillary Space.- 11.4 Role of the Lymphatic Capillaries in the Development of Cellular Immunity.- 12 Mechanism of Transport Through the Lymphatic Capillary Wall.- 13 Insufficiency of Lymph Flow.- 13.1 Safety-Valve Function of Lymph Flow.- 13.2 Dynamic Insufficiency (High Lymph-Flow Failure).- 13.3 Mechanical Insufficiency (Low Lymph-Flow Failure).- 13.4 Safety-Valve Insufficiency.- 14 Forms of Lymphedema.- 14.1 Classification of Lymphostatic Edema.- 14.2 Clinical and Morphological Stages of Lymphostatic Edema.- 14.3 Inflammatory Skin Conditions Leading to Chronic Lymphedema.- 14.4 Diagnosis of Lymphostatic Edema.- 14.5 Histological and Electron-Microscopical Features of Lymphostatic Edema.- 15 Tumors of the Dermal Lymphatics.- 15.1 Lymphangioma.- 15.2 Lymphangiosarcoma (Stewart-Treves Syndrome).- 15.3 Pseudo Kaposi's Sarcoma.- 15.4 Kaposi's Sarcoma.- 16 Lymphovascular Alterations in Different Syndromes Related to Dermatology.- 16.1 Melkersson-Rosenthal-Mischer Syndrome.- 16.2 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome.- 16.3 Nonne-Milroy-Meige Syndrome.- 16.4 Noonan's Syndrome.- 16.5 Maffucci's Syndrome.- 16.6 Yellow Nail Syndrome.- 17 Diabetes mellitus.- 18 Aged-Related Changes of Dermal Lymphatics.- 19 Lymphovascular Alterations in Selected Dermatological Diseases.- 19.1 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda.- 19.2 Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae.- 19.3 Lichen Amyloidosus.- 20 Lymphangitis.- 20.1 Lymphostatic Lymphangitis and Edema.- 20.2 Sclerosing Non-venereal Lymphangitis of the Penis..- 20.3 Syphilis.- 20.4 Parasitic Lymphangitis.- 20.5 Lymphangitis in Mucormycosis.- 20.6 Lymphangitis due to Irritants.- 20.7 Lymphangitis Carcinomatosa.- 21 Treatment of Lymphostatic Edema.- 21.1 Drug Therapy.- 21.2 Physical Therapy.- 21.3 Surgial Therapy.- References.