Clinical Aspects of Inner Ear Deafness

1 Introduction and Definitions.- 2 General Features.- 2.1 Essential Physiological Data.- 2.2 Differential Audiometry.- 2.3 The Differentiation of Various Types of Inner Ear Deafness by Means of the Sound Threshold Curves.- 3 Special Features.- 3.1 Traumatic Inner Ear Deafness.- 3.1.1 Noise and Blast Injury.- 3.1.2 Explosion and Cranial Trauma.- 3.1.3 Rupture of the Windows (Round and Oval).- 3.1.3.1 Round Window Membrane Rupture.- 3.1.3.2 Ruptures in the Oval Window.- 3.2 Ototoxic Deafness.- 3.2.1 Aminoglycoside Antibiotics (AA).- 3.2.2 Loop Diuretics.- 3.2.3 Salicylates.- 3.2.4 Atoxyl.- 3.2.5 Other Ototoxic Substances.- 3.3 Infections.- 3.3.1 Inner Ear Deafness in Syphilis.- 3.4 Heredity.- 3.4.1 Monosymptomatic Hereditary Hearing Impairments.- 3.4.2 Syndromes Associated with Hereditary Inner Ear Deafness.- 3.4.2.1 Alport's Syndrome.- 3.4.2.2 Alport-like Syndromes.- 3.4.2.3 Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA).- 3.4.2.4 Pendred's Syndrome.- 3.4.2.5 Syndromes Resembling Pendred's Syndrome.- 3.4.2.6 Disturbances of Parathyroid Hormone Metabolism.- 3.4.2.7 Refsum's Syndrome.- 3.4.2.8 Other Storage Diseases.- 3.4.2.9 Diabetes Mellitus.- 3.4.2.10 Sickle Cell Anemia.- 3.4.2.11 Skin Diseases.- 3.4.2.12 Other Hereditary Syndromes.- 3.5 Deafness in Childhood.- 3.5.1 Rubella.- 3.5.2 Cytomegaly.- 3.5.3 Toxoplasmosis.- 3.5.4 Erythroblastosis.- 3.5.5 Perinatal Asphyxia.- 3.5.6 Postnatal Deafness.- 3.6 Vascular and Metabolic Disturbances.- 3.6.1 Acute Inner Ear (Sensori-Neural) Deafness.- 3.6.1.1 Symptomatic Acute Deterioration of Hearing.- 3.6.1.2 Idiopathic "Sudden Hearing Loss".- 3.6.2 Chronic Inner Ear Deafness.- 3.6.2.1 Disturbances of Renal Function.- 3.6.2.2 Diabetes Mellitus.- 3.6.2.3 Disturbances of Fat Metabolism.- 3.6.2.4 Disturbances of Liver Function.- 3.6.2.5 Disturbances of Thyroid Function.- 3.6.2.6 Vascular Disturbances.- 3.7 Deafness in the Aged.- 3.8 Low Tone Deafness.- 3.9 Middle Ear Causes of Inner Ear Deafness.- 3.10 Immunological Diseases.- References.