Temperature and Life

Poikilothermic Organisms.- Microorganisms.- I. Basic Aspects of Temperature Action on Microorganisms.- II. Genetic Regulation of Temperature Responses.- References.- Plants.- I. Plant Temperatures and Energy Budget.- II. The Normal Temperature Range.- III. Limiting Temperatures for Life Functions.- References.- Animals.- I. Body Temperature and External Temperature.- II. The Normal Temperature Range.- III. Limiting Temperatures of Life Functions.- IV. Activity, Behavior etc..- References.- Homeothermic Organisms.- I. Homeothermy and Poikilothermy.- II. Body Temperatures.- A. The Temperature Field of the Body.- B. Body Temperature and External Temperature.- C. Periodic Fluctuations in Body Temperature.- III. Principles of Thermoregulation.- A. Concept of Regulation.- B. Biological Temperature Regulation.- C. Disturbances of Thermoregulation.- D. Interference of Regulations.- IV. Production of Body Heat.- A. Basal Metabolism.- B. Heat Production and Body Size.- C. Heat Production and External Temperature.- D. The Modes and Sites of Extra Heat Production.- E. Brown Adipose Tissue and Its Significance for Nonshivering Thermogenesis.- V. Heat Exchange with the Environment.- A. Pathways of Heat Transport.- B. Physiological Regulation of Heat Flux.- VI. Nervous and Hormonal Factors in Temperature Regulation.- A. Central Nervous Structures of Temperature Regulation.- B. Control of Effector Systems.- C. Central Transmitting Substances and Thermoregulation.- D. Peripherally Induced Processes.- E. Body Temperature as the Controlled Variable. Displacements of the "Set Point".- F. Body Temperature during Work.- VII. Cutaneous Thermoreception.- A. Thermal Sensations in Man.- B. Neurophysiology of Thermoreceptors.- C. Comparison of Various Approaches to Thermoreceptor Function.-VIII. Long-Term Thermal Adaptation.- A. Adaptation to Cold.- B. Adaptation to Heat.- C. Endocrine System and Thermal Adaptation.- D. Artificial Thermal Adaptation.- IX. Temperature Limits of Life.- A. Limits of Regulation in Heat.- B. Hyperthermia.- C. Limits of Regulation in Cold.- D. Hypothermia.- X. Temperature and Development.- A. Spermatogenesis.- B. Effects of Temperature on Growth.- C. Ontogenetic Development of Homeothermy.- D. Tolerance of Hypothermia by Homeothermic Species in the Course of Development.- XI. Hibernation and Related Phenomena.- A. Distribution of Hibernation and Other Lethargic States.- B. Torpidity among Birds.- C. The Lethargy of Bats.- D. True Hibernation.- XII. Temperature and Geographic Distribution of Homeotherms.- A. General Remarks.- B. Temperature Conditions in Various Biotopes.- C. Temperature and Migration.- D. Special Characteristics of Chiroptera.- E. Physiological Causes of Geographic Temperature Limits.- F. Ecogeographical Rules.- G. Eurythermic and Stenothermic Species.- H. Adaptation to Various Climates.- I. Temperature and Productivity of Domestic Animals.- References.