Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy

Embedding Media - Old and New.- A. Introduction.- B. Early Embedding Media.- C. Conventional Embedding Media.- D. Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Embedding Media.- E. New Embedding Media.- F. Conclusion.- References.- Substitution Techniques.- A. Introduction.- B. Inert-dehydration.- C. Freeze-substitution.- D. Conclusions.- References.- Freeze-Etching and Freeze-Fracturing.- A. Introduction.- B. Freezing of Biological Systems.- C. Methods and Instrumentation.- D. Interpretation.- E. Conclusions.- References.- Electron Microscope Autoradiography.- F. A. McHenry.- A. Introduction.- B. Distribution of Developed Grains Around Radioactive Sources.- C. Analysis of Autoradiograms.- D. Conversion of Developed Grain Data to Information on Radioactivity.- References.- Scanning Electron Microscope Techniques in Biology.- A. Introduction.- B. Specimen Preparation.- C. Viewing Techniques.- D. Signal Processing.- E. Recording Techniques.- F. Information Assimilation by the Observer.- 3. Electrical Properties and Charging.- G. Conclusion.- H. Appendices.- I. Optical Aids for the Viewing of Vertically Mounted Stereo-Pairs.- References.- Computer Processing of Electron Micrographs.- A. Introduction.- B. Linear Systems and Fourier Processing.- C. Digitizing of Electron Micrographs.- D. Noise Filtering.- E. The Cross Correlation Function and its Use for Image Alignment.- F. Two-Dimensional Restoration.- G. Object/Support Separation.- H. Three-Dimensional Reconstruction.- References.- High Voltage Electron Microscppy.- A. Introduction.- B. Merits of the High Voltage Electron Microscope.- C. Biological Applications.- D. Design and Construction of High Voltage Electron Microscopes.- References.