Glioma (eBook)

Treatment of glioma is currently one of the most challenging problems in oncology, as well as in neurosurgery. Despite major advances in our understanding of the pathomechanism, diagnosis by imaging and the availability of powerful therapeutic tools, the life expectancy of patients with glioblastoma has only been slightly prolonged and a cure remains elusive. None of the currently available surgical tools, including operative microscopes, lasers and image-guided surgery, can enable the detection and removal of all of the tumor tissue. In recent years, however, the landscape has been changing immeasurably, and molecular studies over the past two decades have identified a variety of genetic aberrations that are specifically associated with individual types of gliomas. In addition, certain molecular abnormalities have been linked to therapy responses, thereby establishing clinical biomarkers and molecular targets, and the use of novel agents is being investigated. These agents have been specifically engineered to exert specific cytotoxicity against gliomas, either on their own as single agents or in combination with other modalities. Moreover, there has been an enormous surge of interest in the area of immunology and immunotherapy, which has been facilitated by our understanding of the molecular basis of gliomas. Although several kinds of immunotherapeutic trials have been undertaken, we still await a great breakthrough in terms of clinical efficacy to prolong the survival time of glioma patients.

RYUYA YAMANAKA is now a Professor at Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. He earned his MD at Niigata University, Japan, in 1982 and completed a neurosurgical residency training at its affiliated hospitals. He received his academic degree (Dr Med Sci) from Niigata University. Following research fellowships at the National Institutes of Health in the United States from 1994 to 1998, he assumed the position of Assistant Professor and Lecturer at the Department of Neurosurgery in the Brain Research Institute at Niigata University. In 2006, he was promoted to Professor of the Research Center of Innovative Cancer Therapy at Kurume University School of Medicine. He joined the faculty at Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine in 2010. His main research interests include translational biochemical research in clinical oncology, including brain tumors. He is a member of international and national scientific organizations, including the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR ), American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), Japanese Cancer Association (JCA), Japanese Society of Medical Oncology (JSMO) and Japan Neurosurgical Society (JNS). He has board certifications for Medical Oncology, Neurosurgery, Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases.

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Treatment of glioma is currently one of the most challenging problems in oncology, as well as in neurosurgery. Despite major advances in our understanding of the pathomechanism, diagnosis by imaging and the availability of powerful therapeutic tools, the life expectancy of patients with glioblastoma has only been slightly prolonged and a cure remains elusive. None of the currently available surgical tools, including operative microscopes, lasers and image-guided surgery, can enable the detection and removal of all of the tumor tissue. In recent years, however, the landscape has been changing immeasurably, and molecular studies over the past two decades have identified a variety of genetic aberrations that are specifically associated with individual types of gliomas. In addition, certain molecular abnormalities have been linked to therapy responses, thereby establishing clinical biomarkers and molecular targets, and the use of novel agents is being investigated. These agents have been specifically engineered to exert specific cytotoxicity against gliomas, either on their own as single agents or in combination with other modalities. Moreover, there has been an enormous surge of interest in the area of immunology and immunotherapy, which has been facilitated by our understanding of the molecular basis of gliomas. Although several kinds of immunotherapeutic trials have been undertaken, we still await a great breakthrough in terms of clinical efficacy to prolong the survival time of glioma patients.