Imaging and Technology in Urology (eBook)

Part 1 – Imaging: Radiology.- Principles of X-ray Production and Radiation Protection.- How to Perform a Clinical Radiograph and Use a C-arm.- Contrast agents.- How to do an IVU.- Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA).- The physics of ultrasound.- How to Ultrasound a Suspected Renal Mass.- How to Ultrasound a Painful Testis and a Testicular Mass.- How to Perform a Trans-Rectal Ultrasound Scan and Prostate Biopsy.- How to Manage a Hydronephrotic Kidney.- Principles of Computed Tomography (CT).- How to do a CT Urogram (CTU).- How to do a CT in a Patient with Presumed Upper Tract Trauma.- Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).- How to do an MRI of the Pelvis.- Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA).- Vascular Embolization Techniques in Urology.- Part 2 – Imaging: Nuclear Medicine.- Radionuclides and their Uses in Urology.- Counting and Imaging in Nuclear Medicine.- Principles of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scanning.- How to do a Renogram.- How to do a Diuresis Renogram.- How to do a DMSA Scan.- How to do a Radioisotope Glomerular Filtration Rate Study.- How to do a Bone Scan.- How to do a Transplant Renogram.- Dynamic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Penile Cancer.- Part 3 – Technology: Diagnostic.- Urinalysis.- Principles of Urine Microscopy and Microbiological Culture.- Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).- Metabolic Assessment of Urinary Tract Stones.- Principles of Pressure Measurement.- Principles of Measurement of Urinary Flow.- How to Carry Out a Videocystometrogram (VCMG).- The Whitaker test.- Sphincter electromyography (EMG).- Tumour Markers.- Urine Cytology.- Histopathological Processing, Staining and Immunohistochemistry.- Part 4 – Technology: Operative.- Principles of Urological Endoscopes.- Rigid Endoscope Design.- Light Sources, Light Leads and Camera Systems.- Peripherals for Endoscopic Use.- Peripherals for laparoscopic use.- Peripherals for mechanical stone manipulation.- Contact lithotripters.- Endoscopic use of Laser Energy.- Double J Stents and Nephrostomy.- Urinary Catheters, Design and Usage.- Prostatic and Urethral Stents.- Urological Prosthetics.- Meshes in Stress Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse.- Biological meshes.- Principles of Tissue Transfer in Urology.- Theatre Design and Patient Safety.- Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) Prevention.- Principles of Decontamination.- Operative Tissue Destruction.- Sutures and Clips.- Monopolar Diathermy.- Bipolar Diathermy.- Alternatives to Electro-Surgery.- Haemostatic Agents, Sealants and Adhesives.- Irrigation Fluids and their Hazards.- Insufflants and their Hazards.- Laparoscopic Ports.- Setting up a Robot.- Part 5 – Technology: Interventional.- Neuromodulation by sacral nerve stimulation.- Principles of Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL).- How to carry out Shockwave Lithotripsy.- Prostatic Hyperthermia.- Ablative Therapies: High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU), Cryotherapy and Radio-Frequency Ablation (RFA).- Principles of Radiotherapy.- Electro-Motive Drug Administration (EMDA).- Part 6 - Technology of Renal Failure.- Principals of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT).- Principals of Peritoneal Dialysis.- Haemodialysis.- Principles of Renal Transplantation.- Part 7 - Assessment of Technology.- Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs).- Health Technology Assessment.