A Concise Manual of Pathogenic Microbiology

Saroj K. Mishra, Ph.D is an Adjunct Professor of Microbiology at the University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston, Texas. Dr. Mishra has over 35 years of teaching and research experience in medical microbiology, and holds several patents. The author of numerous peer-reviewed articles, Dr. Mishra also reviews submissions for the Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Journal of Infectious Diseases, and Mycopathologia Dipti Agrawal, M.D. is a Board Certified physician in internal medicine and infectious diseases. She has over 10 years of experience practicing in infectious disease clinics and hospitals in Houston, Texas.

Preface xi

About the Authors xiii

1 Introduction 1

Koch’s Postulate 2

Terminology 3

Major Categories of Pathogenic Microorganisms 4

Transmission of Infectious Disease (Mode of Dissemination) 5

Universal Precautions 6

2 Host-Microbe Interactions 9

Resident Microbiota 9

Host Defenses 11

3 Antibiotics and Other Chemotherapeutic Agents 17

Classification of Antibiotics 17

Summary of the Mechanisms of Action 24

4 Antiseptics and Disinfectants 25

Physical Control of Microorganisms 25

Chemical Control of Microorganisms 27

5 Gram-Positive Cocci 31

Bacterial Taxonomy (An Overview) 31

Clinically Important Gram-Positive Cocci 32

Gram-Positive Cocci Related to Streptococcus Species 38

6 Gram-Positive Bacilli 41

Clostridium Species 41

Lactobacillus Species 46

Bacillus Species 46

Listeria Species 49

7 Gram-Positive Bacteria with Rudimentary Filaments 53

Corynebacterium diphtheriae 53

Mycobacterium Species 54

8 Gram-Negative Cocci 61

Neisseria Species 61

Moraxella catarrhalis 64

Haemophilus influenzae 65

An Overview of Gram-Negative Bacteria 67

9 Gram-Negative Bacilli 69

Specimen Collection 69

Media and Laboratory Diagnosis 69

Enterobacteriaceae 71

Glucose Nonfermenters 78

Uncommon Nonfermentative Taxa 81

10 Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacteria 83

Brucella melitensis 83

Bordetella pertussis 85

Francisella tularensis 86

Pasteurella Species 87

Vibrio cholerae 88

Aeromonas Species 90

Campylobacter Species 90

Legionella Species 92

Gardnerella vaginalis 93

Chlamydia Species 94

Rickettsia rickettsii 95

Bacteroides Species 96

Calymmatobacterium granulomatis 96

Cardiobacterium hominis 96

Streptobacillus moniliformis 96

Spirillum minus 97

11 Spirochetes and Bacteria without a Cell Wall 99

Spirochetes 99

Bacteria without a Cell Wall 103

12 Actinomycetes 107

Anaerobic Actinomycetes 108

Aerobic Actinomycetes 108

Thermophilic Actinomycetes 112

13 Introduction to Pathogenic Fungi and Superficial Mycoses 113

Yeast-Like Fungi 113

Molds or Filamentous Fungi 114

Dimorphic Fungi 114

Superficial Mycoses 115

Mucocutaneous Mycoses 121

14 Subcutaneous and Systemic Mycoses 125

Subcutaneous Mycoses 125

Systemic Mycoses 127

Diseases Caused by Dimorphic Fungi 127

Diseases Caused by Yeast-Like Fungi 135

Diseases Caused by Filamentous Fungi 138

Diseases Caused by Miscellaneous Filamentous Fungi 143

15 Unicellular Parasites 145

Laboratory Methods in Parasitology 145

Diseases Caused by Lumen-Dwelling Protozoa 146

Blood- and Tissue-Dwelling Protozoa 149

16 Multicellular Parasites 155

Lumen-Dwelling Helminths 155

Blood- and Tissue-Dwelling Helminths 161

17 Viruses and Prions 165

Laboratory Diagnosis 166

Double-Stranded DNA Viruses 166

Single-Stranded DNA Viruses 171

Double-Stranded RNA Viruses 171

Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 171

Prions 179

Bibliography and Suggested Reading 181

Index 185