Monkeys, Apes, and Humans

1 Cultural Diversity of Social Behaviors in Japanese Macaques.- 1.1 Cultural Behaviors That Have Shed Light on Non-human Primates.-1.2 Forgotten Cultures of Social Behaviors.- 1.3 Culture for Embracing Behaviors in Japanese Macaques: Prologue.- 1.4 Inter-population Differences in Behavioral Patterns and Presence or Absence of “Hug-Hug”.- 1.5 “Social Cultures” Among Non-human Primates References.- 2 Primate Self-medication and the Treatment of Parasite Infection.- 2.1 The Field of Primate Self-medication.- 2.2 Primate Self-medication and the Parasite Predicament.- 2.3 Behavioral Strategies of Health Maintenance and Parasite Control.- 2.4 Dietary Selection or Disease Prevention?.- 2.4.1 Medicinal Foods.- 2.4.2 Nutrient Poor Items.- 2.4.3 Hallucinogens and Stimulants.- 2.4.4 Antibiotic Properties.- 2.5 Therapeutic Self-medicative Behavior in Great Apes.- 2.5.1 Great Ape Parasites.- 2.5.2 Bitter Pith Chewing, a Chemical Mode of Parasite Control.- 2.5.3 Leaf-Swallowing, a Physical Mode of Parasite Control.- 2.6 Future Directions of Self-medication Research for the Health of Humans.- References.- 3 From Genes to the Mind: Comparative Genomics and Cognitive Science Elucidating Aspects of the Apes That Make Us Human.- 3.1 Exploring the Chimpanzee Mind: Thirty Five Years of Comparative-Cognitive Studies of Chimpanzees at the Primate Research Institute (PRI).- 3.1.1 Comparative Cognitive Science.- 3.1.2 Teaching Visual Symbols to Chimpanzees: The Initiation of the “Ai Project”.- 3.1.3 How Do Chimpanzees See the World?.- 3.1.4 Comparative–Cognitive–Developmental Perspective.- 3.1.5 Step Toward the Next Decade of the Twenty-First Century.- 3.2 Primate Genome Database.- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 Geographical Information.- 3.2.3 Family Tree.- 3.2.4 Gallery.- 3.2.5 GenotypeComparison.- 3.2.6 Chromosome Image.- 3.2.7 Microarray.- 3.2.8 Personality Comparison.- 3.2.9 Genotype–Phenotype Relationship.- 3.3 Chimpanzee Genome Studies at an Individual Level at PRI.- 3.3.1 Advances in Genome Science in the Last Ten years.- 3.3.2 Application of NGS Technologies to Comparative Genomics Studies.- 3.3.3 Chimpanzee Genomics at an Individual Level to Understand Their Variations.- 3.3.4 Further Perspective for Linking the Genome and Phenome.- References.